{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T12:37:54Z","timestamp":1786451874085,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/8\/5\/25\/1TRC\/Diag\/2022\/ECD-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/8\/5\/25\/1TRC\/Diag\/2022\/ECD-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-55896-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1780292207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in urinary extracellular vesicles using real-time immuno-PCR: A non-invasive diagnostic approach for pulmonary tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ayushi Kaur","family":"Bedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhawna","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parul","family":"Mrigpuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandira","family":"Varma-Basil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Promod K.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadhna","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"55896_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2025. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (2025). https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2025"},{"key":"55896_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of drug-resistance: rapid communication. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO [8] p. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/379015\/B09111-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/B09111","DOI":"10.2471\/B09111"},{"key":"55896_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02092-z","volume":"29","author":"GW Kasule","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kasule, G. W. et al. Non-sputum-based samples and biomarkers for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: the hope to improve childhood and HIV-associated tuberculosis diagnosis. Eur. J. Med. Res. 29, 502 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"55896_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO standard: universal access to rapid tuberculosis diagnostics. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (2023). https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/366854\/9789240071315-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"55896_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of drug-resistance: rapid communication. World Health Organization. (2024). https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/379015\/B09111-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"55896_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002792","volume":"16","author":"H Huerga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huerga, H. et al. Diagnostic value of the urine lipoarabinomannan assay in HIV-positive, ambulatory patients with CD4 below 200 cells\/\u00b5l in 2 low-resource settings: A prospective observational study. PLoS Med. 16, e1002792 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"55896_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drain, P. K. et al. Real-world diagnostic accuracy of lipoarabinomannan in three non-sputum biospecimens for pulmonary tuberculosis disease. eBioMedicine 108, (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105353"},{"key":"55896_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. High priority target product profiles for new tuberculosis diagnostics: report of a consensus meeting. (2014). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-HTM-TB-2014.18"},{"key":"55896_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007421","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00074-21","volume":"59","author":"A Oreskovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oreskovic, A. et al. Diagnosing Pulmonary Tuberculosis by Using Sequence-Specific Purification of Urine Cell-Free DNA. J. Clin. Microbiol. 59, e0007421 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"55896_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38740-3","volume":"13","author":"E Kamra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamra, E. et al. Diagnosis of genitourinary tuberculosis: detection of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan and MPT-64 biomarkers within urine extracellular vesicles by nano-based immuno-PCR assay. Sci. Rep. 13, 11560 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55896_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","volume":"13","author":"JA Welsh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Welsh, J. A. et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches. J. Extracell. vesicles. 13, e12404 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. vesicles"},{"key":"55896_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1","volume":"9","author":"MA Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, M. A. et al. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther. 9, 27 (2024).","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"55896_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04330-5","volume":"16","author":"X Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Small extracellular vesicles: the origins, current status, future prospects, and applications. Stem Cell. Res. Ther. 16, 184 (2025).","journal-title":"Stem Cell. Res. Ther."},{"key":"55896_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29642","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.29642","volume":"5","author":"AE Turco","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turco, A. E. et al. Specific renal parenchymal-derived urinary extracellular vesicles identify age-associated structural changes in living donor kidneys. J. Extracell. vesicles. 5, 29642 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. vesicles"},{"key":"55896_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2012.08.010","volume":"53","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. A translational study of urine miRNAs in acute myocardial infarction. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 53, 668\u2013676 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"55896_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3345","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015050568","volume":"27","author":"W Oosthuyzen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Oosthuyzen, W. et al. Vasopressin Regulates Extracellular Vesicle Uptake by Kidney Collecting Duct Cells. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 27, 3345\u20133355 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"55896_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103811","volume":"9","author":"NA Kruh-Garcia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kruh-Garcia, N. A. et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides in the exosomes of patients with active and latent M. tuberculosis infection using MRM-MS. PLoS One. 9, e103811 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"55896_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehaffy, C., Dobos, K. M. & Nahid, P. & Kruh-Garcia, N. A. Second generation multiple reaction monitoring assays for enhanced detection of ultra-low abundance Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides in human serum. Clin Proteomics 14, (2017).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-017-9156-y"},{"key":"55896_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.20576","volume":"8","author":"M Rodrigues","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodrigues, M., Fan, J., Lyon, C., Wan, M. & Hu, Y. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Viral and Bacterial Infections: Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics. Theranostics 8, 2709\u20132721 (2018).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"55896_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115973","volume":"107","author":"M Dass","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dass, M. et al. MPT51 and MPT64-based antigen detection assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis from urine samples. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 107, 115973 (2023).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"55896_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turbawaty, D. K., Sugianli, A. K., Soeroto, A. Y., Setiabudiawan, B. & Parwati, I. Comparison of the Performance of Urinary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens Cocktail (ESAT6, CFP10, and MPT64) with Culture and Microscopy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients. Int. J. Microbiol. 3259329 (2017). (2017).","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3259329"},{"key":"55896_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.20473\/fmi.v54i3.10014","volume":"54","author":"A Budiarti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Budiarti, A., Nugraha, J. & Widodo, A. The Examination of ESAT-6, CFP-10, MPT-64 Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Urine of Pediatric Tuberculosis Patient with Immunochromatography to Support the Diagnosis. Folia Med. Indones. 54, 195 (2018).","journal-title":"Folia Med. Indones"},{"key":"55896_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0037","volume":"17","author":"E Kamra","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamra, E. et al. Identification of mycobacterial MPT-64 and ESAT-6 proteins in urogenital tuberculosis patients by real-time immuno-PCR. Future Microbiol. 17, 829\u2013842 (2022).","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"55896_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04596-5","volume":"79","author":"S Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, S. et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits MPT64 to generate myeloid-derived suppressor cells to evade the immune system. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 79, 567 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"55896_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4852-z","volume":"20","author":"IM Hoel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoel, I. M. et al. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis using the MPT64 antigen detection test in a high-income low tuberculosis prevalence setting. BMC Infect. Dis. 20, 130 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"55896_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulterys, M. A. et al. Point-Of-Care Urine LAM Tests for Tuberculosis Diagnosis: A Status Update. J Clin. Med 9, (2019).","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201912.0002.v1"},{"key":"55896_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13112.1","volume":"4","author":"DN Singhroy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singhroy, D. N. et al. Adoption and uptake of the lateral flow urine LAM test in countries with high tuberculosis and HIV\/AIDS burden: current landscape and barriers. Gates open. Res. 4, 24 (2020).","journal-title":"Gates open. Res."},{"key":"55896_CR28","unstructured":"Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Update n.d. (2019). https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241550604"},{"key":"55896_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bedi, A. K., Sharma, M. & Sharma, S. Immuno-PCR: Advancements, and applications for infectious diseases diagnosis. Clin. Chim. Acta. 120409 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120409 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2025.120409"},{"key":"55896_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439758","volume":"258","author":"T Sano","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sano, T., Smith, C. L. & Cantor, C. R. Immuno-PCR: very sensitive antigen detection by means of specific antibody-DNA conjugates. Science 258, 120\u2013122 (1992).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"55896_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2016.1164912","volume":"36","author":"AL Assump\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2016","unstructured":"Assump\u00e7\u00e3o, A. L., F., V. & da Silva, R. C. Immuno-PCR in cancer and non-cancer related diseases: a review. Vet. Q. 36, 63\u201370 (2016).","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"55896_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2024.2413556","volume":"24","author":"M Ashmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashmi, M., He, C. & Drobniewski, F. Can immuno-PCR (IPCR) transform bacterial disease diagnostics? Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 24, 927\u2013936 (2024).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"55896_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12093","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12093","volume":"10","author":"U Erdbr\u00fcgger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Erdbr\u00fcgger, U. et al. Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J. Extracell. vesicles. 10, e12093 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. vesicles"},{"key":"55896_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000273","volume":"69","author":"H Zhou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhou, H. et al. Collection, storage, preservation, and normalization of human urinary exosomes for biomarker discovery. Kidney Int. 69, 1471\u20131476 (2006).","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"55896_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Zeng, Q., Han, Q. & Xia, W. Effect of pH, temperature and freezing-thawing on quantity changes and cellular uptake of exosomes. Protein & cell vol. 10 295\u2013299 at (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13238-018-0529-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-018-0529-4"},{"key":"55896_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-016-1137-z","volume":"13","author":"M Rotter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rotter, M. et al. Stability of targeted metabolite profiles of urine samples under different storage conditions. Metabolomics 13, 4 (2016).","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"55896_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62783-9","volume":"14","author":"A Teixeira-Marques","year":"2024","unstructured":"Teixeira-Marques, A. et al. Improved recovery of urinary small extracellular vesicles by differential ultracentrifugation. Sci. Rep. 14, 12267 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55896_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03414-7","volume":"20","author":"CP Hinzman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hinzman, C. P. et al. An optimized method for the isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles for molecular phenotyping: detection of biomarkers for radiation exposure. J. Transl Med. 20, 199 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Transl Med."},{"key":"55896_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01460-z","volume":"19","author":"AD Kashkanova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kashkanova, A. D., Blessing, M., Gemeinhardt, A., Soulat, D. & Sandoghdar, V. Precision size and refractive index analysis of weakly scattering nanoparticles in polydispersions. Nat. Methods. 19, 586\u2013593 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"55896_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahiya, B. et al. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan and CFP-10 (Rv3874) from urinary extracellular vesicles of tuberculosis patients by immuno-PCR. Pathog Dis 77, (2019).","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftz049"},{"key":"55896_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832e05c8","volume":"23","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lawn, S. D. et al. Urine lipoarabinomannan assay for tuberculosis screening before antiretroviral therapy diagnostic yield and association with immune reconstitution disease. AIDS 23, 1875\u20131880 (2009).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"55896_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009848","volume":"5","author":"K Dheda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dheda, K. et al. Clinical utility of a commercial LAM-ELISA assay for TB diagnosis in HIV-infected patients using urine and sputum samples. PLoS One. 5, e9848 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"55896_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b98430","volume":"52","author":"M Shah","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shah, M. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a urine lipoarabinomannan test for tuberculosis in hospitalized patients in a High HIV prevalence setting. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 52, 145\u2013151 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"55896_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000151","volume":"66","author":"L Nakiyingi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakiyingi, L. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a rapid urine lipoarabinomannan test for tuberculosis in HIV-infected adults. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 66, 270\u2013279 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"55896_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0822-8","volume":"15","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lawn, S. D. et al. Diagnostic accuracy, incremental yield and prognostic value of Determine TB-LAM for routine diagnostic testing for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients requiring acute hospital admission in South Africa: a prospective cohort. BMC Med. 15, 67 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"55896_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.04.017","volume":"59","author":"G Suwanpimolkul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Suwanpimolkul, G. et al. Utility of urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in diagnosing tuberculosis and predicting mortality with and without HIV: prospective TB cohort from the Thailand Big City TB Research Network. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 59, 96\u2013102 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"55896_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-02893-2","volume":"24","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Improving the diagnosis of active tuberculosis: a novel approach using magnetic particle-based chemiluminescence LAM assay. BMC Pulm Med. 24, 100 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med."},{"key":"55896_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2023.105613","volume":"169","author":"K Gavina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gavina, K., Franco, L. C., Khan, H., Lavik, J. P. & Relich, R. F. Molecular point-of-care devices for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in resource-limited settings \u2013 A review of the current landscape, technical challenges, and clinical impact. J. Clin. Virol. 169, 105613 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"55896_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SD00017A","volume":"1","author":"S Roy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roy, S. et al. Recent developments towards portable point-of-care diagnostic devices for pathogen detection. Sens. Diagn. 1, 87\u2013105 (2022).","journal-title":"Sens. Diagn."},{"key":"55896_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Recent Advances in Microfluidic-Based Extracellular Vesicle Analysis. Micromachines vol. 15 630 at (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi15050630","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15050630"},{"key":"55896_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638047","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.638047","volume":"12","author":"J Flores","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flores, J., Cancino, J. C. & Chavez-Galan, L. Lipoarabinomannan as a Point-of-Care Assay for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis: How Far Are We to Use It? Front. Microbiol. 12, 638047 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"55896_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00513-7","volume":"11","author":"B Sossen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sossen, B. & Meintjes, G. Development of accurate non-sputum-based diagnostic tests for tuberculosis: an ongoing challenge. Lancet Glob Heal. 11, e16\u2013e17 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"55896_CR53","unstructured":"RNTCP. Module for Laboratory Technicians, Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family welfare. (2005). https:\/\/tbcindia.mohfw.gov.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/6341531217Module-for-Laboratory-Technician.pdf (2005)."},{"key":"55896_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M. et al. Comparison of modified Petroff\u2032s and N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide methods for sputum decontamination in tertiary care hospital in India. Med J. Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth 5, (2012).","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-2870.103323"},{"key":"55896_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000440","volume":"66","author":"K Shrivastava","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shrivastava, K. et al. Rv1458c: a new diagnostic marker for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in a novel duplex PCR assay. J. Med. Microbiol. 66, 371\u2013376 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"55896_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0284","volume":"14","author":"S Sharma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma, S. et al. Quantitative detection of a cocktail of mycobacterial MPT64 and PstS1 in tuberculosis patients by real-time immuno-PCR. Future Microbiol. 14, 223\u2013233 (2019).","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"55896_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113656","volume":"195","author":"P Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, P. et al. Magnetofluidic immuno-PCR for point-of-care COVID-19 serological testing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 195, 113656 (2022).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"55896_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Establishment and application of a TaqMan-based quantitative PCR assay for simultaneous detection of bovine Brucella spp. and Mycobacterium spp. Front Microbiol 16, (2025).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1633809"},{"key":"55896_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2023-0054","volume":"18","author":"B Dahiya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dahiya, B. et al. Quantification of mycobacterial proteins in extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases by nano-based real-time immuno-PCR. Future Microbiol. 18, 771\u2013783 (2023).","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"55896_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03538.x","volume":"3","author":"NM Buderer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Buderer, N. M. Statistical methodology: I. Incorporating the prevalence of disease into the sample size calculation for sensitivity and specificity. Acad. Emerg. Med. Off J. Soc. Acad. Emerg. Med. 3, 895\u2013900 (1996).","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med. Off J. Soc. Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"55896_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e085614","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085614","volume":"14","author":"HT Nguyen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nguyen, H. T. et al. Study protocol: diagnostic accuracy study comparing Cy-Tb and STANDARD F TB-Feron FIA tests for tuberculosis infection diagnosis in Vietnam. BMJ Open. 14, e085614 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"55896_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, A. J. et al. Clinical evaluation of computer-aided digital x-ray detection of pulmonary tuberculosis during community-based screening or active case-finding: a case\u2013control study.Lancet Glob. Heal.13, e517\u2013e527 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00516-3"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55896-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55896-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55896-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T12:04:15Z","timestamp":1786449855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55896-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-55896-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8212724\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24840"}}