{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:05:13Z","timestamp":1786460713757,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-55925-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T07:42:39Z","timestamp":1780299759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-care practices among women with gestational diabetes in low-resource settings in Ghana: a phenomenological study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Felix Kwasi","family":"Nyande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Kumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Tetteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Bosomtwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth Ewoenam","family":"Hamenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience Abla","family":"Ashiadey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia Catherine","family":"Atsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Kudjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy Diema","family":"Konlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-23","volume":"12","author":"EM Wendland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wendland, E. M. et al. Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcomes-a systematic review of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 12 (1), 23 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"55925_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.008","volume":"50","author":"Y Ana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ana, Y., Prafulla, S., Deepa, R. & Babu, G. R. Emerging and public health challenges existing in gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes in pregnancy. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. 50 (3), 513\u2013530 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin."},{"issue":"12","key":"55925_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00734-y","volume":"18","author":"L Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, L. et al. A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 18 (12), 760\u2013775 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"55925_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01800-z","volume":"59","author":"W Hannah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hannah, W. et al. Global burden of early pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus (eGDM): a systematic review. Acta Diabetol. 59 (3), 403\u2013427 (2022).","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"55925_CR5","unstructured":"Khayat, A. A. & Fallatah, N. Knowledge of gestational diabetes mellitus among Saudi women in a primary health care center of Almadinah Almunawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Cureus. 14(3). (2022)."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05542-4","volume":"23","author":"K Sushko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sushko, K., Strachan, P., Butt, M., Nerenberg, K. A. & Sherifali, D. Understanding the self-management experiences and support needs during pregnancy among women with pre-existing diabetes: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 23 (1), 309 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087298","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2022.2087298","volume":"15","author":"S Karavasileiadou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Karavasileiadou, S., Almegewly, W., Alanazi, A., Alyami, H. & Chatzimichailidou, S. Self-management and self-efficacy of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Glob. Health Action. 15 (1), 2087298 (2022).","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"issue":"3","key":"55925_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.47104\/ebnrojs3.v4i3.244","volume":"4","author":"R Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali, R., Nour, S. & Abdelaati, I. Effect of self-care guidelines on knowledge and practice of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Evid.-Based Nurs. Res. 4 (3), 9\u201321 (2022).","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Nurs. Res."},{"key":"55925_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854332","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2022.854332","volume":"3","author":"WIO Boadu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boadu, W. I. O., Kugblenu, P., Senu, E., Opoku, S. & Anto, E. O. Prevalence and risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women: a cross-sectional study in Ghana. Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc. 3, 854332 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"S Msollo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Msollo, S., Martin, H., Mwanri, A. & Petrucka, P. Awareness and screening practices for gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in Arusha Urban, Tanzania. Tanzan. J. Agric. Sci. 20 (1), 1\u201311 (2021).","journal-title":"Tanzan. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"55925_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100854","volume":"12","author":"SD Kondamuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kondamuri, S. D., Samal, S. & Sen, M. Knowledge of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in a semiurban hospital-A cross-sectional study. Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health. 12, 100854 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"55925_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192791","volume":"13","author":"JT Galea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galea, J. T. et al. Barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral therapy adherence among Peruvian adolescents living with HIV: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 13 (2), e0192791 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"55925_CR13","first-page":"88","volume":"27","author":"DY Quansah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Quansah, D. Y., Boateng, D. & Kwantwi, L. B. Overview of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Ghana; a call for action. Diabetes Care. 27, 88\u201390 (2018).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-019-0362-0","volume":"77","author":"AA Muche","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muche, A. A., Olayemi, O. O. & Gete, Y. K. Prevalence and determinants of gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa based on the updated international diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Public. Health. 77 (1), 36 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2018.03.001","volume":"32","author":"YYE Wah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wah, Y. Y. E. et al. Self-management of gestational diabetes among Chinese migrants: a qualitative study. Women Birth. 32 (1), e17\u2013e23 (2019).","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0699-x","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, Y. & Zhang, C. Prevalence of gestational diabetes and risk of progression to type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Curr. Diab. Rep. 16 (1), 7 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"55925_CR17","unstructured":"Khadivzadeh, T. et al. Self-care behaviors of mothers with gestational diabetes treated with insulin based on the theory of planned behavior (2016)."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-99","volume":"12","author":"M Carolan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carolan, M., Gill, G. K. & Steele, C. Women\u2019s experiences of factors that facilitate or inhibit gestational diabetes self-management. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 12 (1), 99 (2012).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03927-x","volume":"21","author":"E Byakwaga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Byakwaga, E., Sekikubo, M. & Nakimuli, A. Level of and factors associated with awareness of gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Kawempe National Referral Hospital: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 21 (1), 467 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2020.86707","volume":"80","author":"A Alnaim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alnaim, A. Knowledge of gestational diabetes mellitus among prenatal women attending a public health center in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. Egypt. J. Hosp. Med. 80 (1), 560\u2013569 (2020).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Hosp. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2521-2","volume":"19","author":"RL Lawrence","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lawrence, R. L., Wall, C. R. & Bloomfield, F. H. Prevalence of gestational diabetes according to commonly used data sources: an observational study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 19 (1), 349 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"4","key":"55925_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4069\/kjwhn.2020.10.28","volume":"26","author":"SJ Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park, S. J. & Lee, J. The effects of health care programs for gestational diabetes mellitus in South Korea: a systematic review. Korean J. Women Health Nurs. 26 (4), 274\u2013284 (2020).","journal-title":"Korean J. Women Health Nurs."},{"key":"55925_CR23","unstructured":"Cresswell, J. Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (2013)."},{"key":"55925_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Manen, M. Phenomenology of Practice: Meaning-Giving Methods in Phenomenological Research and Writing (Routledge, 2023).","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003228073"},{"issue":"2","key":"55925_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1704846","volume":"13","author":"V Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun, V. & Clarke, V. To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qual. Res. sport Exerc. health. 13 (2), 201\u2013216 (2021).","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Sport Exerc. health"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12360","volume":"21","author":"V Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun, V. & Clarke, V. Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches. Counsel. Psychother. Res. 21 (1), 37\u201347 (2021).","journal-title":"Counsel. Psychother. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325010368316","volume":"11","author":"L Tufford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tufford, L. & Newman, P. Bracketing in qualitative research. Qual. Soc. Work. 11 (1), 80\u201396 (2012).","journal-title":"Qual. Soc. Work"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"55925_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/10503300902798375","volume":"19","author":"CT Fischer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fischer, C. T. Bracketing in qualitative research: Conceptual and practical matters. Psychother. Res. 19 (4\u20135), 583\u2013590 (2009).","journal-title":"Psychother. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"55925_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.275","volume":"6","author":"AJ Sundler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sundler, A. J., Lindberg, E., Nilsson, C. & Palm\u00e9r, L. Qualitative thematic analysis based on descriptive phenomenology. Nurs. Open. 6 (3), 733\u2013739 (2019).","journal-title":"Nurs. Open."},{"issue":"7","key":"55925_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13255","volume":"73","author":"KH Ho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ho, K. H., Chiang, V. C. & Leung, D. Hermeneutic phenomenological analysis: The \u2018possibility\u2019beyond \u2018actuality\u2019in thematic analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 73 (7), 1757\u20131766 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"55925_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02766777","volume":"29","author":"EG Guba","year":"1981","unstructured":"Guba, E. G. Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Ectj 29 (2), 75\u201391 (1981).","journal-title":"Ectj"},{"key":"55925_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMahon, S. A. & Winch, P. J. Systematic debriefing after qualitative encounters: an essential analysis step in applied qualitative research. BMJ global health ;3(5). (2018).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000837"},{"key":"55925_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100051","volume":"2","author":"SK Ahmed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmed, S. K. The pillars of trustworthiness in qualitative research. J. Med. Surg. Public. Health. 2, 100051 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Med. Surg. Public. Health"},{"issue":"04","key":"55925_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v17i4.1042","volume":"17","author":"B Shrestha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shrestha, B. & Dunn, L. The declaration of Helsinki on medical research involving human subjects: a review of seventh revision. J. Nepal Health Res. Counc. 17 (04), 548\u2013552 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Nepal Health Res. Counc."},{"key":"55925_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirghafourvand, M., Zandinava, H., Shafaei, F. S., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S. & Ghanbari-Homayi, S. Effectiveness of self-care training on pregnancy consequences in gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial (2019).","DOI":"10.5812\/semj.82704"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.2396","volume":"9","author":"Z Haron","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haron, Z., Sutan, R., Zakaria, R. & Mahdy, Z. A. Self-care educational guide for mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review on identifying self-care domains, approaches, and their effectiveness. Belitung Nurs. J. 9 (1), 6 (2023).","journal-title":"Belitung Nurs. J."},{"key":"55925_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang C, Yang H-X. Diagnosis, prevention and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Chin. Med. J. Publ. House Co., Ltd. 42 Dongsi Xidajie \u2026, 199\u2013203.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2016.11.004"},{"key":"55925_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.04.017","volume":"161","author":"B Bhowmik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhowmik, B. et al. Evaluation of knowledge regarding gestational diabetes mellitus: a Bangladeshi study. Public. Health. 161, 67\u201374 (2018).","journal-title":"Public. Health"},{"key":"55925_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.04.009","volume":"145","author":"KK Nielsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nielsen, K. K., Damm, P., Bygbjerg, I. C. & Kapur, A. Barriers and facilitators for implementing programmes and services to address hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 145, 102\u2013118 (2018).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"55925_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X19876526","volume":"40","author":"RN Ogu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogu, R. N. et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus knowledge among women of reproductive age in southern Nigeria: implications for diabetes education. Int. Q. Community. Health Educ. 40 (3), 177\u2013183 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. Q. Community. Health Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02387-z","volume":"23","author":"D Makombe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makombe, D. et al. Herbal medicine use during pregnancy and childbirth: perceptions of women living in Lilongwe rural, Malawi\u2013a qualitative study. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 23 (1), 228 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"55925_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.5600","volume":"22","author":"JC Mutabazi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mutabazi, J. C. et al. Integrating gestational diabetes screening and care and type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention after GDM into community based primary health care in South Africa-mixed method study. Int. J. Integr. Care. 22 (3), 20 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Integr. Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"55925_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.10404","volume":"326","author":"J Pillay","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pillay, J. et al. Screening for gestational diabetes: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 326 (6), 539\u2013562 (2021).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06764-w","volume":"24","author":"AA Druye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Druye, A. A. et al. Self-management interventions for gestational diabetes in Africa: a scoping review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 24 (1), 549 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"55925_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mensah, G. P., van Rooyen, D. R. & ten Ham-Baloyi, W. Screening and nursing management of gestational diabetes in Ghana: Evidence-based recommendations. Heliyon. 9(4). (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15351"},{"issue":"2","key":"55925_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.IJNMR_32_20","volume":"26","author":"Z Shojaeian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shojaeian, Z., Khadivzadeh, T., Sahebi, A., Kareshki, H. & Tara, F. Perceived risk in women with high risk pregnancy: A qualitative study. Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res. 26 (2), 168\u2013174 (2021).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Nurs. Midwifery Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"55925_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41862","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041862","volume":"104","author":"Y Fan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Wang, X., Wang, Q., Luo, X. & Cao, J. Perspective on the nursing management for gestational diabetes mellitus: A perspective. Medicine 104 (12), e41862 (2025).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01679-x","volume":"23","author":"J He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He, J., Wang, H. & Chen, X. Experiences and self-care of pregnant nurses with gestational diabetes mellitus: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs. 23 (1), 33 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Nurs."},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"55925_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14835","volume":"28","author":"V Mogre","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mogre, V., Johnson, N. A., Tzelepis, F. & Paul, C. Barriers to diabetic self-care: A qualitative study of patients\u2019 and healthcare providers\u2019 perspectives. J. Clin. Nurs. 28 (11\u201312), 2296\u20132308 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-025-12262-2","volume":"25","author":"M Bukari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bukari, M. et al. Resource constraints, patient emotions, and therapy: experiences of healthcare providers in the screening and management of gestational diabetes mellitus in northern Ghana. BMC Health Serv. Res. 25 (1), 209 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"55925_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.11.033","volume":"102","author":"RR Weaver","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weaver, R. R., Lemonde, M., Payman, N. & Goodman, W. M. Health capabilities and diabetes self-management: the impact of economic, social, and cultural resources. Soc. Sci. Med. 102, 58\u201368 (2014).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.10.003","volume":"108","author":"JK Kirk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kirk, J. K. et al. Restricted-carbohydrate diets in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 108 (1), 91\u2013100 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015000956","volume":"19","author":"JW Muchiri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muchiri, J. W., Gericke, G. J. & Rheeder, P. Effect of a nutrition education programme on clinical status and dietary behaviours of adults with type 2 diabetes in a resource-limited setting in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. Public Health. Nutr. 19 (1), 142\u2013155 (2016).","journal-title":"Public Health. Nutr."},{"key":"55925_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George, G., Sasikala, T. & Chidambaran, R. A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Mothers and Self Care Practice of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Management among Mothers with Diabetes in Pregnancy Attending Selected Hospitals of Kottayam District. Medico-legal Update 21(2). (2021).","DOI":"10.37506\/mlu.v21i2.2738"},{"issue":"3","key":"55925_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X211020300","volume":"43","author":"NS Motahari-Tabari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Motahari-Tabari, N. S. et al. The effectiveness of information-motivation-behavioral skills model on self-care practices in early pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus in Iranian overweight and obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Community Health Equity Res. Policy. 43 (3), 257\u2013264 (2023).","journal-title":"Community Health Equity Res. Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.134","volume":"36","author":"L Yee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yee, L., McGuire, J., Taylor, S., Niznik, C. & Simon, M. Factors promoting diabetes self-care among low-income, minority pregnant women. J. Perinatol. 36 (1), 13\u201318 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"55925_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S1049-3867(98)00013-9","volume":"8","author":"BR Sherman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sherman, B. R., Sanders, L. M. & Yearde, J. Role-modeling healthy behavior: Peer counseling for pregnant and postpartum women in recovery. Women\u2019s Health Issues. 8 (4), 230\u2013238 (1998).","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"55925_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96318-7","volume":"15","author":"ML Nunes","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nunes, M. L., F\u00e9lix, B., Nunes, F. & Santos, I. Systematic development and refinement of a user-centered evidence-based digital toolkit for supporting self-care in gestational diabetes mellitus. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 12009 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"55925_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunne, P., Sherry, D. & O\u2019Reilly, S. L. Diabetes prevention after gestational diabetes: challenges and opportunities. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 85(1), 105\u2013116 (2026).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665124007456"},{"key":"55925_CR60","unstructured":"Muhwava, L. S. Formative research for the development of an appropriate, acceptable and feasible intervention aimed at reducing type 2 diabetes risk in disadvantaged women after gestational diabetes in South Africa (2021)."},{"key":"55925_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Yang, C. & Li, K. Change of maternal weight gain trajectory following lifestyle interventions for gestational diabetes and its impact on abnormal infant birthweight: an observational study based on longitudinal weight measurements. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2026).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-026-08757-3"},{"issue":"12","key":"55925_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.04.014","volume":"121","author":"SN Hinkle","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hinkle, S. N. et al. Changes in diet and exercise in pregnant women after diagnosis with gestational diabetes: findings from a longitudinal prospective cohort study. J. Acad. Nutr. Dietetics. 121 (12), 2419\u20132428 (2021). e4.","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Dietetics"},{"issue":"5","key":"55925_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003733","volume":"5","author":"A-B Abdul-Samed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdul-Samed, A-B. et al. Barriers and facilitators of primary care management of type II diabetes mellitus in the West African sub-region: A scoping review. PLoS Glob. Public. Health. 5 (5), e0003733 (2025).","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public. Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55925-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55925-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55925-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:03:36Z","timestamp":1786453416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-55925-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["55925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-55925-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The data collection procedure adhered to ethical principles, beginning with receiving ethical approval from the University of Health and Allied Science Research Ethics Committee (UHAS REC A.5 [67] 23\u201324). This study was conducted in line with the guidelines provided by the institutional ethics committee and the Declaration of Helsinki for the conduct of human subject research. Participants provided both written and verbal consent before they were recruited for the study. Respondents were also informed that participation is entirely voluntary. Participants were given pseudonyms, consisting of letters, figures, and other symbols, to conceal identities. No respondent received a compensation package of any kind; however, their time and effort were duly acknowledged.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24885"}}