{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:43:26Z","timestamp":1790963006057,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scapular dyskinesis (SD) is a prevalent dysfunction among overhead athletes. Although the kinetic chain emphasizes the functional linkage of the core and shoulder musculature, limited evidence exists regarding the endurance and electromyographic (EMG) characteristics of core muscles in athletes with SD. This study aimed to compare core muscle endurance and EMG activity during closed kinetic chain tasks between overhead athletes with and without SD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty female overhead athletes were divided into two groups: SD (n\u2009=\u200915) and without SD (n\u2009=\u200915), diagnosed using the Kibler lateral scapular slide test. Core endurance was assessed using the McGill Core Endurance Test, including the trunk flexor test, the trunk extensor test, and the right and left lateral plank. Surface EMG (ME6000, Finland) was used to record muscle activity of the erector spinae, multifidus, gluteus medius, transversus abdominis\/internal oblique, external oblique, rectus abdominis, and serratus anterior during plank and push-up tasks. Independent t-tests and Cohen\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      were used to compare groups (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Athletes with SD demonstrated significantly lower endurance across all McGill tests (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05,\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.81\u20130.88). EMG data showed reduced activation of the erector spinae, multifidus, gluteus medius, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis\/internal oblique, and serratus anterior muscles in the SD group during both tasks (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). No significant differences were observed in the external oblique activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the importance of integrating targeted core stabilization and scapular control exercises into training and rehabilitation programs to optimize performance and prevent shoulder injuries in overhead athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-56082-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T16:15:07Z","timestamp":1780157707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of endurance and electromyographic activity of core muscles in overhead athletes with and without scapular dyskinesis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7506-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadis Sabzikar","family":"Tahani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hooman","family":"Minoonejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8168-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2969-2896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"56082_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14212415","volume":"14","author":"A Moiroux-Sahraoui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moiroux-Sahraoui, A. et al. Prevention of Overhead Shoulder Injuries in Throwing Athletes: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics. 14(21), 2415 (2024).","journal-title":"Diagnostics."},{"issue":"4","key":"56082_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-019-09591-1","volume":"12","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kibler, W. B. & Sciascia, A. Evaluation and management of scapular dyskinesis in overhead athletes. Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med. 12(4), 515\u2013526 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.31727","volume":"17","author":"A Sciascia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sciascia, A. & Kibler, W. B. Current views of scapular dyskinesis and its possible clinical relevance. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 17(2), 117 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"56082_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05654-2","volume":"22","author":"L Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, L. et al. Scapular stabilization exercise based on the type of scapular dyskinesis versus traditional rehabilitation training in the treatment of periarthritis of the shoulder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 22, 1\u201311 (2021).","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"56082_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.21.4.354","volume":"21","author":"MK Timmons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Timmons, M. K. et al. Scapular kinematics and subacromial-impingement syndrome: A meta-analysis. J. Sport Rehabil. 21(4), 354\u2013370 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2013.12.002","volume":"24","author":"F Struyf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Struyf, F. et al. Scapulothoracic muscle activity and recruitment timing in patients with shoulder impingement symptoms and glenohumeral instability. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 24(2), 277\u2013284 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"56082_CR7","unstructured":"Coulon CL. The Influence of the Lower Trapezius Muscle on Shoulder Impingement and Scapula Dyskinesis: Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College; 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.RVW.22.00195","volume":"11","author":"JH Sonnier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sonnier, J. H. et al. Scapular Dyskinesis in the Athletic Patient: A Sport-Specific Review. JBJS reviews. 11(2), e22 (2023).","journal-title":"JBJS reviews."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115627608","volume":"4","author":"MB Burn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burn, M. B., McCulloch, P. C., Lintner, D. M., Liberman, S. R. & Harris, J. D. Prevalence of scapular dyskinesis in overhead and nonoverhead athletes:A systematic review. Orthop. J. Sports Med. 4(2), 2325967115627608 (2016).","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"56082_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2024.03.014","volume":"39","author":"AL Costa e Silva Cabral","year":"2024","unstructured":"Costa e Silva Cabral, A. L., Marques, Jd. P. & Dionisio, V. C. Scapular dyskinesis and overhead athletes: A systematic review of electromyography studies. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 39, 606\u2013614 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"56082_CR11","first-page":"193","volume":"15","author":"VM Oliveira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliveira, V. M., Batista, L. D., Pirau\u00e1, A. L., Pitangui, A. C. & Ara\u00fajo, R. C. Electromyographic activity and scapular dyskenesia in athletes with and without shoulder impingement syndrome. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. 15, 193\u2013203 (2013).","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199101000-00019","volume":"23","author":"CA Putnam","year":"1991","unstructured":"Putnam, C. A. A segment interaction analysis of proximal-to-distal sequential segment motion patterns. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 23(1), 130\u2013144 (1991).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"56082_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90084-R","volume":"26","author":"CA Putnam","year":"1993","unstructured":"Putnam, C. A. Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: Descriptions and explanations. J. Biomech. 26, 125\u2013135 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"56082_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.11.008","volume":"110","author":"S Dischiavi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dischiavi, S., Wright, A., Hegedus, E. & Bleakley, C. Biotensegrity and myofascial chains: A global approach to an integrated kinetic chain. Med. Hypotheses 110, 90\u201396 (2018).","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"56082_CR15","unstructured":"Willardson JM. Core anatomy and biomechanics. Developing the Core. 2024:1."},{"issue":"3","key":"56082_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636030-00001","volume":"36","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kibler, W. B., Press, J. & Sciascia, A. The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports Med. 36(3), 189\u2013198 (2006).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"56082_CR17","first-page":"337","volume":"11","author":"OR Abdelraouf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdelraouf, O. R. & Abdel-Aziem, A. A. The relationship between core endurance and back dysfunction in collegiate male athletes with and without nonspecific low back pain. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 11(3), 337\u2013344 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"56082_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.1050279","volume":"4","author":"J Bauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bauer, J., Gruber, M. & Muehlbauer, T. Correlations between core muscle strength endurance and upper-extremity performance in adolescent male sub-elite handball players. Front. Sports Act. Living 4, 1050279 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living"},{"key":"56082_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donatelli RA. The Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the CORE. Sports-Specific Rehabilitation. 2007:135\u201344.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044306642-9.50012-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"56082_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-150497","volume":"30","author":"Z Hazar Kanik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hazar Kanik, Z. et al. Relationship between scapular muscle and core endurance in healthy subjects. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 30(4), 811\u2013817 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"56082_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32598\/ptj.2026.621.2","author":"A Saeidizadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saeidizadeh, A. et al. The effect of core stability exercises on functional movement screen scores, balance, and performance in elite basketball players. Physical Treatments\u2014Specific Physical Therapy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32598\/ptj.2026.621.2 (2025).","journal-title":"Physical Treatments\u2014Specific Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"56082_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.058834","volume":"44","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kibler, W. B. & Sciascia, A. Current concepts: Scapular dyskinesis. Br. J. Sports Med. 44(5), 300\u2013305 (2010).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"56082_CR23","unstructured":"Rubin BD, Kibler WB. The Role of the Kinetic Chain in Shoulder Function."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3736-z","volume":"24","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kibler, W. B. & Sciascia, A. The role of the scapula in preventing and treating shoulder instability. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 24(2), 390\u2013397 (2016).","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"issue":"7","key":"56082_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01637-0","volume":"52","author":"AH Saeterbakken","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saeterbakken, A. H. et al. The effects of trunk muscle training on physical fitness and sport-specific performance in young and adult athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 52(7), 1599\u20131622 (2022).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR26","volume":"16","author":"E Ebrahimi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ebrahimi, E., Tabatabaee, S. M., Dadarkhah, A. & Najafi, S. NASM-based core stability training using taekwondo movements in male individuals with hyperlordosis. USWR 16(1), 73 (2026).","journal-title":"USWR"},{"issue":"6","key":"56082_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app16062906","volume":"16","author":"B Liu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liu, B. et al. Comparisons of lower limb strength characteristics between male and female national team rugby athletes. Appl. Sci. 16(6), 2906 (2026).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6010017","volume":"6","author":"S Bartolomei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bartolomei, S., Grillone, G., Di Michele, R. & Cortesi, M. A comparison between male and female athletes in relative strength and power performances. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 6(1), 17 (2021).","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"56082_CR29","first-page":"345","volume":"28","author":"G Cobanoglu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cobanoglu, G., Keklik, S. S., Zorlular, A., Polat, E. A. & Akaras, E. The relationship between scapular and core muscle endurance in professional athletes. J. Sports Rehabil. 28(4), 345\u2013352 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Sports Rehabil."},{"issue":"39","key":"56082_CR30","first-page":"97","volume":"16","author":"G Norouzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Norouzi, G., Minoonejad, H. & Akoochakian, M. Comparison of isokinetic strength of shoulder rotator muscles among volleyball players with and without scapulae dyskinesia. Stud. Sports Med. 16(39), 97\u2013110 (2024).","journal-title":"Stud. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06592-7","volume":"24","author":"MH Firouzjah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Firouzjah, M. H., Firouzjah, E. M. A. N. & Ebrahimi, Z. The effect of a course of selected corrective exercises on posture, scapula-humeral rhythm and performance of adolescent volleyball players with upper cross syndrome. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 24(1), 489 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"56082_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1324205","volume":"36","author":"RC de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo, R. C., Pirau\u00e1, A. L. T., Beltr\u00e3o, N. B. & Pitangui, A. C. R. Activity of periscapular muscles and its correlation with external oblique during push-up: Does scapular dyskinesis change the electromyographic response?. J. Sports Sci. 36(5), 571\u2013577 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"56082_CR33","first-page":"2022","volume":"3","author":"S McGill","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGill, S. McGill\u2019s torso muscular endurance test battery. American Council of Exercise Pristupljeno. 3, 2022 (2015).","journal-title":"American Council of Exercise Pristupljeno."},{"key":"56082_CR34","volume-title":"Core Assessment and Training","author":"J Brumitt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brumitt, J. Core Assessment and Training (Human Kinetics, 2010)."},{"issue":"6","key":"56082_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181874564","volume":"22","author":"TW Nesser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nesser, T. W., Huxel, K. C., Tincher, J. L. & Okada, T. The relationship between core stability and performance in division I football players. J. Strength Cond. Res. 22(6), 1750\u20131754 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"56082_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60060849","author":"SE Ahn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahn, S. E., Lee, M. Y. & Lee, B. H. Effects of gluteal muscle strengthening exercise-based core stabilization training on pain and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain. Medicina (Kaunas) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60060849 (2024).","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"5","key":"56082_CR37","first-page":"617","volume":"8","author":"R Paine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paine, R. & Voight, M. L. The role of the scapula. Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther. 8(5), 617\u2013629 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"56082_CR38","first-page":"23","volume":"94","author":"S Sungkue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sungkue, S., Sakulsriprasert, P., Vongsirinavarat, M., Utsahachant, N. & Jensen, M. P. Effects of lumbar stabilization on scapular muscle activity, activation onset time, and Kinematics in individuals with Scapular Dyskinesis. J. Hum. Kinet. 94, 23 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"issue":"5","key":"56082_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(00)00027-4","volume":"10","author":"HJ Hermens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Disselhorst-Klug, C. & Rau, G. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 10(5), 361\u2013374 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"56082_CR40","first-page":"56","volume":"3","author":"TW Nesser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nesser, T. W., Fleming, N. & Gage, M. J. Activation of selected core muscles during pressing. Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci. 3(4), 56 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"56082_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.05.009","volume":"24","author":"ALT Pirau\u00e1","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pirau\u00e1, A. L. T. et al. Electromyographic analysis of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles during push-ups on stable and unstable bases in subjects with scapular dyskinesis. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 24(5), 675\u2013681 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"issue":"34","key":"56082_CR42","first-page":"71","volume":"14","author":"H Minoonejad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Minoonejad, H., Barati, A. H. & Khakpour Fard, M. The effect of selected TRX exercises on functional stability, proprioception and strength of shoulder joint muscles in athletes with scapular dyskinesia. Stud. Sports Med. 14(34), 71\u201394 (2023).","journal-title":"Stud. Sports Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"56082_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838120-00004","volume":"38","author":"AE Hibbs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hibbs, A. E., Thompson, K. G., French, D., Wrigley, A. & Spears, I. Optimizing performance by improving core stability and core strength. Sports Med. 38(12), 995\u20131008 (2008).","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"56082_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.1050279","volume":"4","author":"J Bauer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bauer, J., Gruber, M. & Muehlbauer, T. Correlations between core muscle strength endurance and upper-extremity performance in adolescent male sub-elite handball players. Frontiers in sports and active living 4, 1050279 (2022).","journal-title":"Frontiers in sports and active living"},{"issue":"8","key":"56082_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58080982","volume":"58","author":"S Nuhmani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nuhmani, S. Correlation between core stability and upper-extremity performance in male collegiate athletes. Medicina 58(8), 982 (2022).","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"3","key":"56082_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2009.11.003","volume":"14","author":"P Maffetone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maffetone, P. The assessment and treatment of muscular imbalance\u2013The Janda approach. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 14(3), 287\u2013288 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"56082_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01511.x","volume":"221","author":"FH Willard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Willard, F. H., Vleeming, A., Schuenke, M., Danneels, L. & Schleip, R. The thoracolumbar fascia: Anatomy, function and clinical considerations. J. Anat. 221(6), 507\u2013536 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"issue":"9","key":"56082_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E423","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004223","volume":"47","author":"I El Bojairami","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Bojairami, I. & Driscoll, M. Coordination between trunk muscles, thoracolumbar fascia, and intra-abdominal pressure toward static spine stability. Spine 47(9), E423\u2013E431 (2022).","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"10","key":"56082_CR49","first-page":"4157","volume":"5","author":"RM Atta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atta, R. M., Ata, H. K., Aneis, M. & Diab, A. A. Correlation between scapular muscle endurance and core muscle endurance in subject with chronic shoulder pain. J Adv Multidiscip Res 5(10), 4157\u20134161 (2018).","journal-title":"J Adv Multidiscip Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29359\/BJHPA.13.1.01","volume":"13","author":"G Gunaydin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gunaydin, G. The relationship between scapular endurance and core endurance in elite amputee football players. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 13(1), 1 (2021).","journal-title":"Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.26453\/otjhs.1244135","volume":"8","author":"N \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, N., Ergin, E., \u00dcnver, F. & Kartal, A. Core strength, balance and scapular dyskinesia in upper extremity sports: A cross-sectional study. Online T\u00fcrk Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Dergisi 8(2), 239\u2013244 (2023).","journal-title":"Online T\u00fcrk Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Dergisi"},{"issue":"11","key":"56082_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2023-0087","volume":"16","author":"HS Almansoof","year":"2023","unstructured":"Almansoof, H. S., Nuhmani, S. & Muaidi, Q. Role of kinetic chain in sports performance and injury risk: A narrative review. J. Med. Life 16(11), 1591 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2023.10.009","volume":"33","author":"SD Jones Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jones, S. D. Jr. & Safran, M. R. Current concepts: The hip, core and kinetic chain in the overhead athlete. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg. 33(2), 450\u2013456 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elbow Surg."},{"issue":"4","key":"56082_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2013.07.003","volume":"32","author":"WB Kibler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kibler, W. B., Wilkes, T. & Sciascia, A. Mechanics and pathomechanics in the overhead athlete. Clin. Sports Med. 32(4), 637\u2013651 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-024-01043-9","volume":"17","author":"TD Sousa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sousa, T. D., Blache, Y., Degot, M. & Rogowski, I. Influence of phase and dominance on ground reaction forces and upper extremity muscle activity during the modified-Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil. 17(1), 5 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000004622","volume":"38","author":"EN Can","year":"2024","unstructured":"Can, E. N., Harput, G. & Turgut, E. Shoulder and scapular muscle activity during low and high plank variations with different body-weight-bearing statuses. J. Strength Cond. Res. 38(2), 245\u2013252 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"56082_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001689","volume":"31","author":"JM Cortell-Tormo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cortell-Tormo, J. M. et al. Influence of scapular position on the core musculature activation in the prone plank exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 31(8), 2255\u20132262 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-191771","volume":"34","author":"G Mendez-Rebolledo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mendez-Rebolledo, G. et al. Optimal activation ratio of the scapular muscles in closed kinetic chain shoulder exercises: A systematic review. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 34(1), 3\u201316 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"56082_CR59","first-page":"298","volume":"24","author":"H Top\u00e7u","year":"2022","unstructured":"Top\u00e7u, H. et al. Muscle activity of core muscles during plank exercise on different surfaces. Turk. J. Sport Exerc. 24(3), 298\u2013305 (2022).","journal-title":"Turk. J. Sport Exerc."},{"issue":"11","key":"56082_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.09","volume":"50","author":"G Marcolin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marcolin, G. et al. Selective activation of shoulder, trunk, and arm muscles: A comparative analysis of different push-up variants. J. Athl. Train. 50(11), 1126\u20131132 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503258911","volume":"32","author":"PM Ludewig","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ludewig, P. M., Hoff, M. S., Osowski, E. E., Meschke, S. A. & Rundquist, P. J. Relative balance of serratus anterior and upper trapezius muscle activity during push-up exercises. Am. J. Sports Med. 32(2), 484\u2013493 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"56082_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-237-18","volume":"54","author":"F-J Kang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kang, F.-J., Ou, H.-L., Lin, K.-Y. & Lin, J.-J. Serratus anterior and upper trapezius electromyographic analysis of the push-up plus exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Athl. Train. 54(11), 1156\u20131164 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2015.07.002","volume":"13","author":"S Borreani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borreani, S. et al. Muscle activation during push-ups performed under stable and unstable conditions. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 13(2), 94\u201398 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2011.577240","volume":"13","author":"GS Anderson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Anderson, G. S., Gaetz, M., Holzmann, M. & Twist, P. Comparison of EMG activity during stable and unstable push-up protocols. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 13(1), 42\u201348 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/1355297X.1998.11719881","volume":"20","author":"S Mottram","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mottram, S. & Comerford, M. Stability dysfunction and low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic Medicine. 20(2), 13\u201318 (1998).","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Medicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"56082_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318295d80f","volume":"28","author":"HA Plummer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plummer, H. A. & Oliver, G. D. The relationship between gluteal muscle activation and throwing kinematics in baseball and softball catchers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 28(1), 87\u201396 (2014).","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research."},{"key":"56082_CR67","first-page":"111","volume":"11","author":"R Dabadghav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dabadghav, R. & Mehta, P. Assessment of scapular muscle strength and lumbar core strength in gymers. A case control study. EC Orthop. 11, 111\u2013117 (2020).","journal-title":"A case control study. EC Orthop."},{"issue":"2","key":"56082_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00231718","volume":"103","author":"AS Aruin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aruin, A. S. & Latash, M. L. Directional specificity of postural muscles in feed-forward postural reactions during fast voluntary arm movements. Exp. Brain Res. 103(2), 323\u2013332 (1995).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"56082_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318248ad54","volume":"26","author":"SP Tarnanen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tarnanen, S. P. et al. Core muscle activation during dynamic upper limb exercises in women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 26(12), 3217\u20133224 (2012).","journal-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56082-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56082-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56082-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T12:05:42Z","timestamp":1786449942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56082-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-56082-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Before starting the investigation, study approval was obtained from the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of the University of Tehran (Ethics code: IR.UT.SPORT.REC.1402.062), and all participants gave written informed consent. The authors confirm that all methods followed the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"There is no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"24808"}}