{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:28:40Z","timestamp":1786973320397,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43009363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43009363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-56086-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:55:16Z","timestamp":1780610116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of trehalose supplementation on bone healing, physical function, and pain in patients with pertrochanteric fractures: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6661-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Mehrvar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8545-599X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosna Omidi","family":"Razani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1849-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza Tavallaei","family":"Zavareh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8603-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Jowshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0095-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5669-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1240-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8909-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Nodehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-7459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoda","family":"Zahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2290-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahin","family":"Talebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"56086_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, C., Campion, G. & Melton, L. J. 3 Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporos. Int. 2 (6), 285\u2013289 (1992).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623184"},{"issue":"5","key":"56086_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004148","volume":"7","author":"B Gullberg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gullberg, B., Johnell, O. & Kanis, J. A. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos. Int. 7 (5), 407\u2013413 (1997).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"56086_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0172-4","volume":"17","author":"O Johnell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnell, O. & Kanis, J. A. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos. Int. 17 (12), 1726\u20131733 (2006).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"issue":"14","key":"56086_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1462","volume":"302","author":"CA Brauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brauer, C. A., Coca-Perraillon, M., Cutler, D. M. & Rosen, A. B. Incidence and mortality of hip fractures in the United States. Jama 302 (14), 1573\u20131579 (2009).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"6914","key":"56086_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6914.1248","volume":"307","author":"GS Keene","year":"1993","unstructured":"Keene, G. S., Parker, M. J. & Pryor, G. A. Mortality and morbidity after hip fractures. Bmj 307 (6914), 1248\u20131250 (1993).","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"6","key":"56086_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-6-201003160-00008","volume":"152","author":"P Haentjens","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haentjens, P. et al. Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men. Ann. Intern. Med. 152 (6), 380\u2013390 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"56086_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2950-0","volume":"20","author":"BY Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, B. Y., Yan, S., Low, L. L., Vasanwala, F. F. & Low, S. G. Predictors of poor functional outcomes and mortality in patients with hip fracture: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 20 (1), 568 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"56086_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4153-6","volume":"28","author":"S Williamson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williamson, S. et al. Costs of fragility hip fractures globally: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos. Int. 28 (10), 2791\u20132800 (2017).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"56086_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4055\/cios22103","volume":"15","author":"WC Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin, W. C., Lee, S. M., Moon, N. H., Jang, J. H. & Choi, M. J. Comparison of Cephalomedullary Nails with Sliding Hip Screws in Surgical Treatment of Intertrochanteric Fractures: A Cumulative Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin. Orthop. Surg. 15 (2), 192\u2013202 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"56086_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.03.031","volume":"42","author":"R Marsell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marsell, R. & Einhorn, T. A. The biology of fracture healing. Injury 42 (6), 551\u2013555 (2011).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"56086_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.1","volume":"8","author":"L Claes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Claes, L., Recknagel, S. & Ignatius, A. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 8 (3), 133\u2013143 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"56086_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.164","volume":"11","author":"TA Einhorn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Einhorn, T. A. & Gerstenfeld, L. C. Fracture healing: mechanisms and interventions. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 11 (1), 45\u201354 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"56086_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2008.07.004","volume":"19","author":"A Schindeler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schindeler, A., McDonald, M. M., Bokko, P. & Little, D. G. Bone remodeling during fracture repair: The cellular picture. Semin Cell. Dev. Biol. 19 (5), 459\u2013466 (2008).","journal-title":"Semin Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"56086_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(08)70003-2","volume":"38","author":"PV Giannoudis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Giannoudis, P. V., Einhorn, T. A. & Marsh, D. Fracture healing: the diamond concept. Injury 38 (Suppl 4), S3\u20136 (2007).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"56086_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0058-7","volume":"7","author":"X Yin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yin, X. et al. Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis. Bone Res. 7, 28 (2019).","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"issue":"24","key":"56086_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17432","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.444190","volume":"288","author":"M Onal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Onal, M. et al. Suppression of autophagy in osteocytes mimics skeletal aging. J. Biol. Chem. 288 (24), 17432\u201317440 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"56086_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.08.016","volume":"21","author":"CJ DeSelm","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeSelm, C. J. et al. Autophagy proteins regulate the secretory component of osteoclastic bone resorption. Dev. Cell. 21 (5), 966\u2013974 (2011).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell."},{"key":"56086_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120595","volume":"301","author":"J Behera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Behera, J., Ison, J., Tyagi, A., Mbalaviele, G. & Tyagi, N. Mechanisms of autophagy and mitophagy in skeletal development, diseases and therapeutics. Life Sci. 301, 120595 (2022).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"56086_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5641","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609532200","volume":"282","author":"S Sarkar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sarkar, S., Davies, J. E., Huang, Z., Tunnacliffe, A. & Rubinsztein, D. C. Trehalose, a novel mTOR-independent autophagy enhancer, accelerates the clearance of mutant huntingtin and alpha-synuclein. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (8), 5641\u20135652 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"416","key":"56086_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra21","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aac5472","volume":"9","author":"BJ DeBosch","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeBosch, B. J. et al. Trehalose inhibits solute carrier 2A (SLC2A) proteins to induce autophagy and prevent hepatic steatosis. Sci. Signal. 9 (416), ra21 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"issue":"6","key":"56086_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00173-5","volume":"24","author":"Safety","year":"2025","unstructured":"Safety efficacy of trehalose in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (HEALEY ALS Platform Trial): an adaptive, phase 2\/3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 24 (6), 500\u2013511 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"56086_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(02)00011-X","volume":"40","author":"AB Richards","year":"2002","unstructured":"Richards, A. B. et al. Trehalose: a review of properties, history of use and human tolerance, and results of multiple safety studies. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40 (7), 871\u2013898 (2002).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"6","key":"56086_CR23","first-page":"1693","volume":"19","author":"S Hashemian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hashemian, S. et al. The effects of oral trehalose on glycaemia, inflammation, and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Arch. Med. Sci. 19 (6), 1693\u20131700 (2023).","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"56086_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.05.73","volume":"7","author":"X Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Trehalose enhances bone fracture healing in a rat sleep deprivation model. Ann. Transl Med. 7 (14), 297 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Transl Med."},{"issue":"7889","key":"56086_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90884-8","volume":"2","author":"EC Huskisson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Huskisson, E. C. Measurement of pain. Lancet 2 (7889), 1127\u20131131 (1974).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196951040-00012","volume":"51","author":"WH Harris","year":"1969","unstructured":"Harris, W. H. Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: treatment by mold arthroplasty. An end-result study using a new method of result evaluation. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 51 (4), 737\u2013755 (1969).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"56086_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-013-1605-8","volume":"42","author":"MM Chiavaras","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chiavaras, M. M. et al. The Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH): the use of a checklist to evaluate hip fracture healing improves agreement between radiologists and orthopedic surgeons. Skeletal Radiol. 42 (8), 1079\u20131088 (2013).","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"56086_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-70","volume":"14","author":"M Bhandari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhandari, M. et al. Radiographic union score for hip substantially improves agreement between surgeons and radiologists. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 14, 70 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"56086_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000390","volume":"29","author":"J Litrenta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Litrenta, J. et al. Determination of Radiographic Healing: An Assessment of Consistency Using RUST and Modified RUST in Metadiaphyseal Fractures. J. Orthop. Trauma. 29 (11), 516\u2013520 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma."},{"key":"56086_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000001063","volume":"32","author":"EG Meinberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meinberg, E. G., Agel, J., Roberts, C. S., Karam, M. D. & Kellam, J. F. Fracture and dislocation classification compendium\u20142018. J. Orthop. Trauma. 32, S1\u2013S10 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"issue":"7","key":"56086_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.06.002","volume":"50","author":"S-J Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim, S-J., Park, H-S., Lee, D-W. & Lee, J-W. Short-term daily teriparatide improve postoperative functional outcome and fracture healing in unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Injury 50 (7), 1364\u20131370 (2019).","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"56086_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-024-08667-9","volume":"25","author":"R Zandi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zandi, R. et al. Effects of trehalose on bone healing, physical function, and pain in patients with pertrochanteric fractures: a randomized controlled trial protocol. Trials 25 (1), 823 (2024).","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"56086_CR33","unstructured":"Tornetta, P. et al. Rockwood and Green\u2019s Fractures in Adults: eBook without Multimedia (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2024)."},{"issue":"1","key":"56086_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03720-2","volume":"15","author":"C Tanavalee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tanavalee, C. et al. A randomized controlled trial of teriparatide for accelerating bone union and improving clinical outcomes in patients with pertrochanteric fracture fixation. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 19465 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"56086_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, T. W. et al. Effect of teriparatide on unstable pertrochanteric fractures. Biomed Res Int 2015:568390. (2015).","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/568390"},{"issue":"5","key":"56086_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-015-4669-z","volume":"474","author":"M Bhandari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bhandari, M. et al. Does Teriparatide Improve Femoral Neck Fracture Healing: Results From A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 474 (5), 1234\u20131244 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"56086_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1473-1","volume":"22","author":"C Col\u00f3n-Emeric","year":"2011","unstructured":"Col\u00f3n-Emeric, C. et al. Association between timing of zoledronic acid infusion and hip fracture healing. Osteoporos. Int. 22 (8), 2329\u20132336 (2011).","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"56086_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6236045","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6236045","volume":"2023","author":"T Gatt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gatt, T., Grech, A. & Arshad, H. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation for Bone Healing in Fracture Patients: A Systematic Review. Adv. Orthop. 2023, 6236045 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Orthop."},{"issue":"1","key":"56086_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10705","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10705","volume":"7","author":"GP Slobogean","year":"2023","unstructured":"Slobogean, G. P. et al. Effect of Vitamin D(3) Supplementation on Acute Fracture Healing: A Phase II Screening Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. JBMR Plus. 7 (1), e10705 (2023).","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"issue":"18","key":"56086_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.18.2257","volume":"293","author":"HA Bischoff-Ferrari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A. et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Jama 293 (18), 2257\u20132264 (2005).","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10980","volume":"38","author":"AN Rempel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rempel, A. N., Rigassio Radler, D. L. & Zelig, R. S. Effects of the use of oral nutrition supplements on clinical outcomes among patients who have undergone surgery for hip fracture: A literature review. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 38 (4), 775\u2013789 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"56086_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f6derman, P. & Malchau, H. Is the Harris hip score system useful to study the outcome of total hip replacement? Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 384, 189\u2013197 (2001).","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200103000-00022"},{"key":"56086_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1079-7","volume":"17","author":"W Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu, W. et al. Proximal femoral nails anti-rotation versus dynamic hip screws for treatment of stable intertrochanteric femur fractures: an outcome analyses with a minimum 4 years of follow-up. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 17, 222 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2012.12.019","volume":"99","author":"L Shen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shen, L., Zhang, Y., Shen, Y. & Cui, Z. Antirotation proximal femoral nail versus dynamic hip screw for intertrochanteric fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. 99 (4), 377\u2013383 (2013).","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200504000-00009","volume":"87","author":"A Moroni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Moroni, A. et al. Dynamic hip screw compared with external fixation for treatment of osteoporotic pertrochanteric fractures. A prospective, randomized study. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 87 (4), 753\u2013759 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"56086_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1193-0","volume":"19","author":"M Pasquier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pasquier, M. et al. Fascia iliaca block in the emergency department for hip fracture: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. BMC Geriatr. 19 (1), 180 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000264764.56544.d2","volume":"106","author":"NB Foss","year":"2007","unstructured":"Foss, N. B. et al. Fascia iliaca compartment blockade for acute pain control in hip fracture patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology 106 (4), 773\u2013778 (2007).","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"56086_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1611090","volume":"377","author":"M Bhandari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhandari, M. & Swiontkowski, M. Management of Acute Hip Fracture. N Engl. J. Med. 377 (21), 2053\u20132062 (2017).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"56086_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00433","volume":"23","author":"KC Roberts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roberts, K. C. & Brox, W. T. AAOS Clinical Practice Guideline: Management of Hip Fractures in the Elderly. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 23 (2), 138\u2013140 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"56086_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, M. J. & Handoll, H. H. Gamma and other cephalocondylic intramedullary nails versus extramedullary implants for extracapsular hip fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev 3, Cd000093 (2008).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000093.pub4"},{"issue":"15","key":"56086_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.092220","volume":"182","author":"N Simunovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simunovic, N. et al. Effect of early surgery after hip fracture on mortality and complications: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cmaj 182 (15), 1609\u20131616 (2010).","journal-title":"Cmaj"},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17r","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwg047","volume":"13","author":"AD Elbein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Elbein, A. D., Pan, Y. T., Pastuszak, I. & Carroll, D. New insights on trehalose: a multifunctional molecule. Glycobiology 13 (4), 17r\u201327r (2003).","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"56086_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.22458","volume":"100","author":"S Ohtake","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ohtake, S. & Wang, Y. J. Trehalose: current use and future applications. J. Pharm. Sci. 100 (6), 2020\u20132053 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"56086_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6524","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26583","volume":"233","author":"K Hosseinpour-Moghaddam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hosseinpour-Moghaddam, K., Caraglia, M. & Sahebkar, A. Autophagy induction by trehalose: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic impacts. J. Cell. Physiol. 233 (9), 6524\u20136543 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"56086_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.018","volume":"132","author":"B Levine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levine, B. & Kroemer, G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell 132 (1), 27\u201342 (2008).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.10.026","volume":"147","author":"N Mizushima","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mizushima, N. & Komatsu, M. Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. Cell 147 (4), 728\u2013741 (2011).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"56086_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3802","volume":"11","author":"DC Rubinsztein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rubinsztein, D. C., Codogno, P. & Levine, B. Autophagy modulation as a potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 11 (9), 709\u2013730 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov"},{"issue":"12","key":"56086_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B12.19671","volume":"89","author":"MS Gaston","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gaston, M. S. & Simpson, A. H. Inhibition of fracture healing. J. Bone Joint Surg. Br. 89 (12), 1553\u20131560 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"issue":"13","key":"56086_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01231","volume":"92","author":"L Bogunovic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bogunovic, L., Kim, A. D., Beamer, B. S., Nguyen, J. & Lane, J. M. Hypovitaminosis D in patients scheduled to undergo orthopaedic surgery: a single-center analysis. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 92 (13), 2300\u20132304 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"56086_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2364","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2364","volume":"375","author":"S Iuliano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iuliano, S. et al. Effect of dietary sources of calcium and protein on hip fractures and falls in older adults in residential care: cluster randomised controlled trial. Bmj 375, n2364 (2021).","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"4","key":"56086_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770130405","volume":"13","author":"ME Wewers","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wewers, M. E. & Lowe, N. K. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res. Nurs. Health. 13 (4), 227\u2013236 (1990).","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"56086_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i3.204","volume":"5","author":"T Pauyo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pauyo, T., Drager, J., Albers, A. & Harvey, E. J. Management of femoral neck fractures in the young patient: A critical analysis review. World J. Orthop. 5 (3), 204\u2013217 (2014).","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56086-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56086-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56086-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:04:19Z","timestamp":1786971859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56086-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-56086-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Initially, each patient received the necessary information regarding the research objective and structure. All patients provided written informed consent for study participation. The collected data and samples were identified by aliases for future use. This study was performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol received approval from the Bioethics Committee of SBMU on May 21, 2024 (IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1403.150).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Patients and\/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Refer to the Methods section for further details.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Patient and public involvement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"25639"}}