{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:30:36Z","timestamp":1786437036449,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Improving soil chemical quality while enhancing maize yield is critical for sustainable crop production in acidic soils. We conducted a two-year field experiment on acidic Nitisols in the Burie district, Ethiopia, to evaluate the combined effects of maize cob biochar (BC), vermicompost (VC), and inorganic N\/P\u2082O\u2085 rates on soil chemical properties and maize productivity. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with a 3\u2009\u00d7\u20093\u2009\u00d7\u20093 factorial arrangement, testing three levels of inorganic N\/P\u2082O\u2085 (0\/0, 120\/69, 240\/138\u00a0kg ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), BC (0, 4, 8 t ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and VC (0, 5.02, 10.04 t ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Grain yield was recorded annually, and soil samples were collected before and after the experiment to assess changes in chemical properties. Data were analyzed using factorial ANOVA, and treatment means were separated using Tukey\u2019s HSD at 5% significance. Economic feasibility was evaluated via partial budget analysis. Under the conditions of this experiment, integrated application of BC, VC, and reduced N\/P\u2082O\u2085, alongside lime, significantly improved soil pH (4.87 to 5.82), soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus, while reducing exchangeable acidity, hydrogen, and aluminum. Maize grain yield increased markedly, with the highest yield (12.13 t ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) observed under 120\/69\u00a0kg N\/P\u2082O\u2085\u2009+\u20098 t BC\u2009+\u200910.04 t VC, a 175.77% increase over the control (4.40 t ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The combination 120\/69\u00a0kg N\/P\u2082O\u2085 ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009+\u20094 t BC ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009+\u20095 t VC ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    achieved consistently high yields (12.09 t ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and the greatest net benefit (1,861 USD ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ; 289,124 Ethiopian Birr ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) with a marginal rate of return of 149.1%. Yield was strongly positively correlated with improved soil chemical properties. Among predictive models, Linear Support Vector Machine (LSVM) provided the highest accuracy (R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.923) for estimating maize yield under integrated nutrient management. These results indicate that integrating BC and VC with reduced inorganic N\/P\u2082O\u2085, in combination with lime, can enhance soil chemical quality and maize productivity in acidic Nitisols. These findings suggest potential for sustainable intensification in the study area and similar agro-ecologies, although multi-location and longer-term validation is needed to confirm broader applicability. Further research is needed across diverse environments and longer timeframes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-56112-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T09:02:58Z","timestamp":1782723778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biochar\u2013vermicompost\u2013inorganic N\/P\u2082O\u2085 integration improves maize yield and soil chemical properties in acidic soils"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0413-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Habtamu","family":"Tadele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tesfaye","family":"Feyisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewoye","family":"Tsegaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sintayehu","family":"Musie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"56112_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39606","volume":"10","author":"DM Asfaw","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asfaw, D. 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General Relationship of Soil Bulk Density to Root Growth Based on Soil Texture (USDA-NRCS, 1987)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56112-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56112-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56112-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:05:40Z","timestamp":1786435540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56112-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-56112-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this Article was revised: In the original version of this Article, affiliation 1 was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, Burie Campus, PO. Box. 269, Burie, Ethiopia\u2019. It now reads: \u2018Department of Natural Resources Management, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia'. Affiliation 2 was incorrectly given as \u2018Soil and Water Research Directorate, Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, PO. Box. 527, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia\u2019. It now reads: \u2018Department of Natural Resources Management, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, Burie Campus, P.O. Box 269, Burie, Ethiopia.\u2019 Affiliation 3 was incorrectly given as \u2018Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, PO. Box. 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia\u2019. It now reads: \u2018Soil and Water Research Directorate, Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.\u2019","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"18684"}}