{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T23:25:51Z","timestamp":1786922751571,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":74,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Large-depth manned submersibles generally conduct diving and floating operations in an unpowered mode. On the premise of guaranteeing satisfactory diving and floating speed, this mode can significantly reduce energy consumption and prolong underwater operating time, which serves as one of the key foundations for the underwater operational performance of manned submersibles. Therefore, the study on prediction methods for unpowered diving and floating motion is of great engineering significance. At present, existing prediction methods are mainly established on the standard motion model, whose results are extremely sensitive to the handling of hydrodynamic terms in the model, thus limiting the prediction accuracy. In this paper, a prediction method for unpowered diving and floating motion of manned submersibles is proposed based on geometric similarity theory, by deriving the relationship between the submersible\u2019s diving and floating speed and its net weight in water. Taking the \u201cJiao Long\u201d manned submersible as a research object, the established model is employed to predict the 7000\u00a0m unpowered diving and floating motion using the 5000\u00a0m deep-sea trial data. Comparative analysis indicates that the proposed method achieves higher prediction accuracy than the conventional standard motion model, which preliminarily verifies its feasibility and effectiveness and its general applicability remains to be further examined in follow-up investigations. Meanwhile, many assumptions are adopted in the development of the proposed method. Therefore, this method is only applicable to the quasi-steady segments of the same manned submersible, and is not suitable for transient phases such as water entry, ballast release transitions, or motions involving significant attitude coupling. Furthermore, the method is only intended for operational application phases, rather than the demonstration and design phases of manned submersibles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-56191-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:27:13Z","timestamp":1780583233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction of unpowered diving and floating for large-depth manned submersible based on geometric similarity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhonghui","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxin","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"56191_CR1","first-page":"36","volume":"1","author":"XU Qinan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Qinan, X. 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This work exclusively utilizes professional engineering data and technical experimental data, without involving any human subjects, clinical trials, human biological samples, or personal privacy information. In accordance with the ethical review requirements of relevant institutions and academic journals, ethical approval is waived for this non-human related engineering research project, and no ethical approval number is applicable. All experimental data and research materials are owned and authorized by China Ship Scientific Research Center, and the research process strictly abides by academic ethics and relevant national research management standards.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"25586"}}