{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:10:53Z","timestamp":1781093453055,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates the abrasion resistance of concrete used in cold-region infrastructure, with a focus on the effects of temperature and mixture composition. A number of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and normal concrete (NC) mixtures was evaluated under four temperature conditions (+\u200920\u00a0\u00b0C, 0\u00a0\u00b0C, \u2212\u200910\u00a0\u00b0C, and \u2212\u200920\u00a0\u00b0C). The mixtures incorporated varying supplementary cementing materials (SCMs), namely metakaolin (MK), silica fume (SF), slag (SL), fly ash (FA), aggregate sizes, coarse-to-fine (C\/F) aggregate ratios, and binder contents. Abrasion resistance was assessed using rotating-cutter and sandblasting test methods to provide a comprehensive evaluation of surface durability. The results indicate that mixtures containing MK and SF achieved the highest compressive strength and abrasion resistance, while FA showed the poorest performance; SL provided moderate strength gains but limited abrasion improvement. Due to denser aggregate packing from mechanical vibration, NC consistently outperformed SCC at all temperatures. Regarding mix design trade-offs, increasing the C\/F aggregate ratio or maximum aggregate size reduced compressive strength but enhanced abrasion resistance. Lowering the binder content from 500 to 250\u00a0kg\/m\u00b3 caused the largest overall performance losses. Decreasing temperature consistently enhanced both compressive strength and abrasion resistance across all mixtures. This enhancement was more pronounced in mixtures with low binder content or FA, whereas mixtures with refined MK and SF exhibited smaller relative gains but maintained superior absolute performance. The findings emphasize the interactive effects of temperature and mix design variables on abrasion performance, offering practical insight for developing concrete mixtures suited to cold-region infrastructures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-56239-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:38:22Z","timestamp":1781091502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of cold temperatures on abrasion resistance of concrete with different mixture compositions"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamed K.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assem A. A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama E.","family":"Shehata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"56239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.113277","volume":"111","author":"P Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Zhang, L., Wang, K., Zhang, T. & Hu, S. A state-of-the-art review on abrasion resistance of concrete. J. Building Eng. 111, 113277 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Building Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"56239_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042101","volume":"15","author":"A Subedi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Subedi, A., Kim, H., Lee, S. J. & Lee, M. S. Assessing abrasion resistance in concrete pavements: a review. Appl. Sci. 15 (4), 2101 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"56239_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/14680629.2012.694094","volume":"13","author":"A Garc\u00eda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A., Castro-Fresno, D., Polanco, J. A. & Thomas, C. Abrasive wear evolution in concrete pavements. Road. Mater. pavement Des. 13 (3), 534\u2013548 (2012).","journal-title":"Road. Mater. pavement Des."},{"key":"56239_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2025.144971","volume":"494","author":"P Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Wang, W., Guo, J. & Zheng, Y. Abrasion resistance and damage mechanism of hybrid fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete containing nano-SiO2. J. Clean. Prod. 494, 144971 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"56239_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104849","volume":"135","author":"Q Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Li, L., Andersen, L. V. & Wu, M. Studying the abrasion damage of concrete for hydraulic structures under various flow conditions. Cem. Concr. Compos. 135, 104849 (2023).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"issue":"5","key":"56239_CR6","first-page":"221","volume":"117","author":"RA Zaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaki, R. A., AbdelAleem, B. H., Hassan, A. A. & Colbourne, B. Abrasion resistance of fiber-reinforced concrete under cold temperatures. ACI Mater. J. 117 (5), 221\u2013232 (2020).","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"56239_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.206","volume":"215","author":"MK Ismail","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ismail, M. K. & Hassan, A. A. Abrasion and impact resistance of concrete before and after exposure to freezing and thawing cycles. Constr. Build. Mater. 215, 849\u2013861 (2019).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"56239_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyedfarizani, S., AbdelAleem, B. H. & Hassan, A. A. Abrasion Resistance of Concrete with Different Mixture Compositions at Cold Curing Temperatures. ACI Mater. J., 119(3). (2022).","DOI":"10.14359\/51734619"},{"issue":"1","key":"56239_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-381X(1988)2:1(13)","volume":"2","author":"GC Lee","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lee, G. C., Shih, T. S. & Chang, K. C. Mechanical properties of concrete at low temperature. J. Cold Reg. Eng. 2 (1), 13\u201324 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Cold Reg. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"56239_CR10","first-page":"297","volume":"104","author":"N Krstulovic-Opara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krstulovic-Opara, N. Liquefied natural gas storage: Material behavior of concrete at cryogenic temperatures. ACI Mater. J. 104 (3), 297 (2007).","journal-title":"ACI Mater. J."},{"key":"56239_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.033","volume":"72","author":"J Xie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xie, J., Li, X. & Wu, H. Experimental study on the axial-compression performance of concrete at cryogenic temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 72, 380\u2013388 (2014).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"56239_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04019014","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000199","volume":"33","author":"TJ MacLean","year":"2019","unstructured":"MacLean, T. J. & Lloyd, A. Compressive stress\u2013strain response of concrete exposed to low temperatures. J. Cold Reg. Eng. 33 (4), 04019014 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Cold Reg. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"56239_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.201700009","volume":"19","author":"J Xie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xie, J. & Yan, J. B. Experimental studies and analysis on compressive strength of normal-weight concrete at low temperatures. Struct. Concrete. 19 (4), 1235\u20131244 (2018).","journal-title":"Struct. Concrete"},{"issue":"4","key":"56239_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-023-02152-6","volume":"56","author":"D Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, D., Niu, J., Chen, P., Ranjith, P. G. & Nie, W. Mechanical properties of concrete under different water content and low temperature conditions. Mater. Struct. 56 (4), 71 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"56239_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.133221","volume":"404","author":"H Su","year":"2023","unstructured":"Su, H., Zhu, Z., Li, T. & Xiang, H. Experimental studies and numerical analysis of the dynamic mechanical properties of concrete at low temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 404, 133221 (2023).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"56239_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04020019","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CR.1943-5495.0000226","volume":"34","author":"MK Ismail","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ismail, M. K. & Hassan, A. A. Effect of cold temperatures on performance of concrete under impact loading. J. Cold Reg. Eng. 34 (3), 04020019 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Cold Reg. Eng."},{"key":"56239_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.099","volume":"157","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, M. J. et al. Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete at cryogenic temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 157, 498\u2013508 (2017).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"56239_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-025-00843-8","volume":"19","author":"I Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee, I. & Choi, J. Mechanical Properties of Concrete, Reinforcing Steel, and CFRP under Low-Temperature Conditions. Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater. 19 (1), 103 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater."},{"key":"56239_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2025.142638","volume":"491","author":"W Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. Cryogenic freezing effects on static\/dynamic mechanical behavior of concrete with development of thermo-mechanically coupled constitutive model. Constr. Build. Mater. 491, 142638 (2025).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"56239_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, Y., Mao, Y. & Zhang, J. Static mechanical properties, damage evolution, and sustainable assessment of alkali-activated slag\/fly recycled concrete composite exposed to cryogenic temperatures. Environ. Res., 123326. (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123326"},{"key":"56239_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2025.113122","volume":"111","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Zheng, X., Li, K. & Liu, C. A review of concrete exposed to low-temperature environments at early ages: mechanical properties and durability. J. Building Eng. 111, 113122 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Building Eng."},{"key":"56239_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryogenics.2018.06.005","volume":"94","author":"J Zhengwu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhengwu, J., Zilong, D., Xinping, Z. & Wenting, L. Increased strength and related mechanisms for mortars at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenics 94, 5\u201313 (2018).","journal-title":"Cryogenics"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"56239_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryogenics.2007.07.001","volume":"47","author":"L Dahmani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dahmani, L., Khenane, A. & Kaci, S. Behavior of the reinforced concrete at cryogenic temperatures. Cryogenics 47 (9\u201310), 517\u2013525 (2007).","journal-title":"Cryogenics"},{"issue":"8","key":"56239_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17081882","volume":"17","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X., Qin, L., Guo, L. & Li, Y. Research on the mechanical properties of concrete under low temperatures. Materials 17 (8), 1882 (2024).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"56239_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2024.105550","volume":"150","author":"X Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian, X. et al. Flexural fatigue behavior of ultra-high performance concrete under low temperatures. Cem. Concr. Compos. 150, 105550 (2024).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"56239_CR26","unstructured":"ASTM C150\/C150M. Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2012)."},{"key":"56239_CR27","unstructured":"ASTM C618. Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2012)."},{"key":"56239_CR28","unstructured":"ASTM C989\/C989M. Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars ( ASTM International, 2014)."},{"key":"56239_CR29","unstructured":"ASTM C1240. Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2015)."},{"key":"56239_CR30","unstructured":"ASTM C494\/C494M-13. Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2013)."},{"key":"56239_CR31","unstructured":"EFNARC. The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete Specification, Production and Use. English ed (European Federation for Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems, 2005)."},{"issue":"6","key":"56239_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.013","volume":"34","author":"AA Hassan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hassan, A. A., Lachemi, M. & Hossain, K. M. Effect of metakaolin and silica fume on the durability of self-consolidating concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 34 (6), 801\u2013807 (2012).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"56239_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2015.09.005","volume":"4","author":"AA Hassan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hassan, A. A., Ismail, M. K. & Mayo, J. Mechanical properties of self-consolidating concrete containing lightweight recycled aggregate in different mixture compositions. J. Build. Eng. 4, 113\u2013126 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Building Eng."},{"key":"56239_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.010","volume":"76","author":"AA Abouhussien","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abouhussien, A. A. & Hassan, A. A. Optimizing the durability and service life of self-consolidating concrete containing metakaolin using statistical analysis. Constr. Build. Mater. 76, 297\u2013306 (2015).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"56239_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padavala, S. S. A. B. et al. Self-compacting concrete with fly ash and silica fume: experimental evaluation, microstructural analysis, and machine learning modeling. Sci. Rep.. (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33180-7"},{"key":"56239_CR36","unstructured":"ASTM C39\/C39M. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens ( ASTM International, 2011)."},{"key":"56239_CR37","unstructured":"ASTM C944. Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter Method ( ASTM International, 2012)."},{"key":"56239_CR38","unstructured":"ASTM C418. Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting (ASTM International, 2012)."},{"key":"56239_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120606","volume":"258","author":"C Herath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herath, C., Gunasekara, C., Law, D. W. & Setunge, S. Performance of high volume fly ash concrete incorporating additives: A systematic literature review. Constr. Build. Mater. 258, 120606 (2020).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"56239_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.023","volume":"34","author":"M Sumer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sumer, M. Compressive strength and sulfate resistance properties of concretes containing Class F and Class C fly ashes. Constr. Build. Mater. 34, 531\u2013536 (2012).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"56239_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2003.09.002","volume":"34","author":"R Siddique","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siddique, R. Performance characteristics of high-volume Class F fly ash concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (3), 487\u2013493 (2004).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"56239_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125776","volume":"316","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Takasu, K., Koyamada, H. & Suyama, H. A study on engineering properties and environmental impact of sustainable concrete with fly ash or GGBS. Constr. Build. Mater. 316, 125776 (2022).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"14","key":"56239_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8783","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148783","volume":"14","author":"J Ahmad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahmad, J. et al. A comprehensive review on the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in concrete production. Sustainability 14 (14), 8783 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"6","key":"56239_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2008.11.018","volume":"23","author":"E Vejmelkov\u00e1","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vejmelkov\u00e1, E. et al. High performance concrete containing lower slag amount: A complex view of mechanical and durability properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (6), 2237\u20132245 (2009).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"56239_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.017","volume":"34","author":"E G\u00fcneyisi","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00fcneyisi, E., Geso\u011flu, M., Karao\u011flu, S. & Mermerda\u015f, K. Strength, permeability and shrinkage cracking of silica fume and metakaolin concretes. Constr. Build. Mater. 34, 120\u2013130 (2012).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"56239_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.075","volume":"44","author":"P Duan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duan, P., Shui, Z., Chen, W. & Shen, C. Effects of metakaolin, silica fume and slag on pore structure, interfacial transition zone and compressive strength of concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 44, 1\u20136 (2013).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"56239_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-381X(2008)22:3(79)","volume":"22","author":"LA Montejo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Montejo, L. A., Sloan, J. E., Kowalsky, M. J. & Hassan, T. Cyclic response of reinforced concrete members at low temperatures. J. Cold Reg. Eng. 22 (3), 79\u2013102 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cold Reg. Eng."},{"key":"56239_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2017.01.003","volume":"136","author":"M Berry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berry, M., Johnson, J. & McDevitt, K. Effect of cold temperatures on the behavior and ultimate capacity of GFRP-reinforced concrete beams. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 136, 9\u201316 (2017).","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"56239_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.477.308","volume":"477","author":"XP Cai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cai, X. P., Yang, W. C., Yuan, J., Ge, Y. & Zhang, B. S. Effect of low temperature on mechanical properties of concrete with different strength grade. Key Eng. Mater. 477, 308\u2013312 (2011).","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"56239_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.094","volume":"25","author":"LH Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, L. H., Han, Z. & Li, C. F. Strengths and flexural strain of CRC specimens at low temperature. Constr. Build. Mater. 25 (2), 906\u2013910 (2011).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56239-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56239-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56239-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T11:54:42Z","timestamp":1781092482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56239-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-56239-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All authors agree for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"18025"}}