{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:19:12Z","timestamp":1787530752604,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":75,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-56397-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T13:24:27Z","timestamp":1781097867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between the lifelines diet score and the odds of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Ebrahimi-Mousavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Aali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Homayounfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ehsanitabar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Saffar","family":"Soflaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon A.","family":"Ferns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Seifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Ghayour-Mobarhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"56397_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2376","volume":"46","author":"MR Rooney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rooney, M. R. et al. Global prevalence of prediabetes. Diabetes care. 46 (7), 1388\u20131394 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"issue":"11","key":"56397_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1640","volume":"48","author":"MR Rooney","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rooney, M. R. et al. Global and regional prediabetes prevalence: Updates for 2024 and projections for 2050. Diabetes care. 48 (11), e142\u2013e4 (2025).","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-019-0080-0","volume":"5","author":"U Hostalek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hostalek, U. Global epidemiology of prediabetes-present and future perspectives. Clin. diabetes Endocrinol. 5 (1), 5 (2019).","journal-title":"Clin. diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"10467","key":"56397_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","volume":"404","author":"B Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, B. et al. Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants. Lancet 404 (10467), 2077\u20132093 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"56397_CR5","unstructured":"Magliano, D. J. & Boyko, E. J. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition scientific committee. IDF DIABETES ATLAS [Internet] 10th ed Brussels: International Diabetes Federation. ;35914061. (2021)."},{"issue":"10397","key":"56397_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"KL Ong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ong, K. L. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 402 (10397), 203\u2013234 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s44337-024-00035-5","volume":"1","author":"HL Fateh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fateh, H. L. Association of Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension among postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. Discover Med. 1 (1), 26 (2024).","journal-title":"Discover Med."},{"key":"56397_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322072","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1322072","volume":"12","author":"N Hazar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hazar, N., Jokar, M., Namavari, N., Hosseini, S. & Rahmanian, V. An updated systematic review and Meta-analysis of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Iran, 1996\u20132023. Front. public. health. 12, 1322072 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. public. health"},{"issue":"4","key":"56397_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13040532","volume":"13","author":"CO Iatcu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iatcu, C. O., Gal, A-M. & Covasa, M. Dietary Patterns of Patients with Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. Metabolites 13 (4), 532 (2023).","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"56397_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neuenschwander, M. et al. Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. bmj ;366. (2019).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2368"},{"issue":"10","key":"56397_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.2195","volume":"179","author":"F Qian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qian, F., Liu, G., Hu, F. B., Bhupathiraju, S. N. & Sun, Q. Association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern. Med. 179 (10), 1335\u20131344 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-023-00877-2","volume":"22","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Associations between plant-based dietary patterns and risks of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. J. 22 (1), 46 (2023).","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"56397_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14768","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14768","volume":"39","author":"L Cea-Soriano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cea-Soriano, L. et al. Mediterranean diet and diabetes risk in a cohort study of individuals with prediabetes: propensity score analyses. Diabet. Med. 39 (6), e14768 (2022).","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03882-5","volume":"86","author":"X Quan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Quan, X. et al. Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet reduces the risk of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Endocrine 86 (1), 85\u2013100 (2024).","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"8","key":"56397_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0205-z","volume":"72","author":"PC Vinke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vinke, P. C. et al. Development of the food-based Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and its application in 129,369 Lifelines participants. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 72 (8), 1111\u20131119 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01957-x","volume":"22","author":"A Khadem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khadem, A., Shiraseb, F., Mirzababaei, A., Ghaffarian-Ensaf, R. & Mirzaei, K. Association of Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and metabolically unhealthy overweight\/obesity phenotypes in women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Women\u2019s Health. 22 (1), 374 (2022).","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-024-00933-y","volume":"10","author":"M Darand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Darand, M., Arabi, V., Ghorbani, M., Salimi, Z. & Hosseinzadeh, M. The association between Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Iranian women: a case-control study. BMC Nutr. 10 (1), 133 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"56397_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30179-2","volume":"7","author":"F Azizi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azizi, F. et al. Metabolic health in the Middle East and north Africa. lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 7 (11), 866\u2013879 (2019).","journal-title":"lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"56397_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0679-6","volume":"60","author":"M Ghayour-Mobarhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. et al. Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorder (MASHAD) study: design, baseline characteristics and 10-year cardiovascular risk estimation. Int. J. public. health. 60, 561\u2013572 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. public. health"},{"issue":"2","key":"56397_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.2.358","volume":"138","author":"A Esmaillzadeh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Esmaillzadeh, A. & Azadbakht, L. Major dietary patterns in relation to General Obesity and Central Adiposity among Iranian women, 3. J. Nutr. 138 (2), 358\u2013363 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"56397_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2022.100552","volume":"29","author":"RR S\u00e2mia","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00e2mia, R. R. et al. Lipid quality of fried and scrambled eggs prepared in different frying medium. Int. J. Gastronomy Food Sci. 29, 100552 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Gastronomy Food Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"56397_CR22","first-page":"85","volume":"46","author":"C Bolton-Smith","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bolton-Smith, C., Woodward, M. & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. The Scottish Heart Health Study. Dietary intake by food frequency questionnaire and odds ratios for coronary heart disease risk. II. The antioxidant vitamins and fibre. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46 (2), 85\u201393 (1992).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05163-3","volume":"23","author":"H Bahari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bahari, H. et al. Dietary acid load, depression, and anxiety: results of a population-based study. BMC psychiatry. 23 (1), 679 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-025-00919-x","volume":"44","author":"A Sherkati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sherkati, A. et al. Association of serum levels and intakes of sodium and potassium with hypertension in the MASHAD cohort study population: a cross-sectional study. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 44 (1), 184 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-090419-102644","volume":"42","author":"JB Echouffo-Tcheugui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B. & Selvin, E. Prediabetes and what it means: the epidemiological evidence. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 42 (1), 59\u201377 (2021).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"56397_CR26","unstructured":"Ahmadnezhad, M. et al. Validation of a short semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for adults: a pilot study. J. Nutritional Sci. Dietetics :49\u201355. (2017)."},{"key":"56397_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625903","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1625903","volume":"12","author":"MO Abudari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abudari, M. O. et al. The association between Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and Gestational diabetes (GDM): a case-control study. Front. Nutr. 12, 1625903 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"56397_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-00985-6","volume":"26","author":"S Khani-Juyabad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khani-Juyabad, S. et al. Adherence to Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) is associated with better sleep quality in overweight and obese women. Eat. Weight Disorders-Studies Anorexia Bulimia Obes. 26 (5), 1639\u20131646 (2021).","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disorders-Studies Anorexia Bulimia Obes."},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7726126","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7726126","volume":"2022","author":"MH Sohouli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sohouli, M. H. et al. Adherence to Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Breast Cancer (BrCa): A Case-Control Study. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2022 (1), 7726126 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"56397_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523651","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1523651","volume":"11","author":"S Asiaei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Asiaei, S. et al. Association between lifelines diet score with odds of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and some novel anthropometric indices among adults: a case\u2013control study. Front. Nutr. 11, 1523651 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"56397_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463481","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1463481","volume":"11","author":"Y Shi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shi, Y. et al. Adherence to lifelines diet is associated with lower lung cancer risk in 98,459 participants aged 55 years and above: a large prospective cohort study. Front. Nutr. 11, 1463481 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"issue":"4","key":"56397_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522003701","volume":"130","author":"A Brlek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brlek, A. & Gregori\u010d, M. Diet quality indices and their associations with all-cause mortality, CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review. Br. J. Nutr. 130 (4), 709\u2013718 (2023).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"56397_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2020-000218","volume":"4","author":"RE Halvorsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halvorsen, R. E., Elvestad, M., Molin, M. & Aune, D. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Nutr. Prev. health. 4 (2), 519 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. health"},{"issue":"11","key":"56397_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113787","volume":"13","author":"R Mierzy\u0144ski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mierzy\u0144ski, R., Poniedzia\u0142ek-Czajkowska, E., Sotowski, M. & Szyde\u0142ko-Gorzkowicz, M. Nutrition as prevention factor of gestational diabetes mellitus: A narrative review. Nutrients 13 (11), 3787 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"56397_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-990270","volume":"39","author":"K Frayn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frayn, K., Tan, G. & Karpe, F. Adipose tissue: a key target for diabetes pathophysiology and treatment? Horm. Metab. Res. 39 (10), 739\u2013742 (2007).","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"56397_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.2000.3.3.157","volume":"3","author":"KJ CLAYCOMBE","year":"2000","unstructured":"CLAYCOMBE, K. J. et al. Transcriptional regulation of the adipocyte fatty acid synthase gene by agouti: interaction with insulin. Physiol. Genom. 3 (3), 157\u2013162 (2000).","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"issue":"2","key":"56397_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.075663","volume":"99","author":"SH Ley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ley, S. H. et al. Associations between red meat intake and biomarkers of inflammation and glucose metabolism in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 99 (2), 352\u2013360 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"56397_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01150-1","volume":"77","author":"LM Sanders","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanders, L. M., Wilcox, M. L. & Maki, K. C. Red meat consumption and risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 (2), 156\u2013165 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"issue":"5","key":"56397_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0246-y","volume":"32","author":"L Schwingshackl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwingshackl, L. et al. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 32 (5), 363\u2013375 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"56397_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.076901","volume":"100","author":"A Afshin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Afshin, A., Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S. & Mozaffarian, D. Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 100 (1), 278\u2013288 (2014).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"56397_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8961","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v67","volume":"67","author":"EK Arnesen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arnesen, E. K. et al. Nuts and seeds consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and their risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Nutr. Res. 67, 8961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29219\/fnr.v67 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"56397_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1516-3","volume":"52","author":"S Van Dieren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Van Dieren, S. et al. Coffee and tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 52 (12), 2561\u20132569 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"56397_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Yiannakou, I., Yuan, M., Singer, M. R. & Moore, L. L. Associations of common fats and oils with cardiometabolic health outcomes in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. :1\u20138. (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-025-01601-5"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56397-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56397-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56397-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T23:27:56Z","timestamp":1787527676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56397-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-56397-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval for the study protocol was confirmed by The Human Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Number: IR.MUMS.MEDICAL.REC.1395.458). All participants signed a written informed consent approved by the Ethics committee.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"26439"}}