{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T01:26:30Z","timestamp":1787102790067,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":72,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP 24K19577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 24K19577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP 23K08612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP 23K08612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The subchondral bone plate (SBP) is crucial for joint biomechanics and is implicated in degenerative joint disease. Absolute CT Hounsfield units (HUs) vary with scanner settings, limiting generalisability. We evaluated whether CT-derived relative HU profiling can estimate the location and thickness of the subchondral mineralized interface by comparison with mechanical indentation-derived measurements. Eighteen distal radii from nine formalin-fixed cadaver donors underwent low-dose CT and indentation testing. Post-test scans were registered to pre-test scans so CT- and indentation-based measures were sampled at identical locations. The SBP starting point and thickness were defined from HU attenuation transitions and load\u2013displacement curves, respectively. Association between methods was evaluated with linear mixed-effects models using donor identity as a random intercept and summarised with marginal\/conditional R\u00b2; agreement was descriptively assessed using Bland\u2013Altman analysis. Inter-observer reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. HU-based measures were strongly associated with indentation-derived measures, with fixed-effect slopes of 0.953 for the starting point and 0.988 for thickness, and R\u00b2m\/R\u00b2c values of 0.916\/0.918 and 0.912\/0.912, respectively. Donor-level clustering effects were minimal. Reliability was good for HU-based measurements and good-to-excellent for indentation-based measurements. Bland\u2013Altman analysis showed smaller bias and narrower limits of agreement for thickness than for the starting point. Relative HU profiling on standard clinical CT provided reproducible estimates of subchondral mineralized boundary features in this ex vivo cadaveric model. These findings support the feasibility of using relative HU transitions as a radiologic surrogate, while further histological and in vivo validation is required before clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-56783-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1780909382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relative HU profiling on clinical CT estimates the subchondral bone plate boundary: an ex vivo cadaveric mechanical validation study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3148-0399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryoya","family":"Shiode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2245-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Miyamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3735-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yamakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5782-5191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toru","family":"Iwahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8622-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4586-9423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuo","family":"Mae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5369-1069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoichi","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5628-5891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Murase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5107-8209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seiji","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Oka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"56783_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20883","volume":"27","author":"J Pan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pan, J. et al. In situ measurement of transport between subchondral bone and articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 27, 1347\u20131352 (2009).","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"56783_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-021-00147-z","volume":"9","author":"Y Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu, Y. et al. Subchondral bone microenvironment in osteoarthritis and pain. Bone Res. 9, 20 (2021).","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"56783_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197456020-00010","volume":"56","author":"JW Pugh","year":"1974","unstructured":"Pugh, J. W., Radin, E. L. & Rose, R. M. Quantitative studies of human subchondral cancellous bone. Its relationship to the state of its overlying cartilage. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 56, 313\u2013321 (1974).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"56783_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780130206","volume":"13","author":"EL Radin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Radin, E. L. & Paul, I. L. Does cartilage compliance reduce skeletal impact loads? The relative force-attenuating properties of articular cartilage, synovial fluid, periarticular soft tissues and bone. Arthritis Rheum 13, 139\u2013144 (1970).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"56783_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.035","volume":"1092","author":"DJ Hadjidakis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hadjidakis, D. J. & Androulakis, I. I. Bone remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1092, 385\u2013396 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"56783_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-2041-5","volume":"469","author":"J Wolff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wolff, J. The classic: On the significance of the architecture of the spongy substance for the question of bone growth: A preliminary publication. 1869. Clin Orthop Relat Res 469, 3077\u20133078 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"56783_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1049","volume":"262","author":"HM Frost","year":"2001","unstructured":"Frost, H. M. From Wolff\u2019s law to the Utah paradigm: Insights about bone physiology and its clinical applications. Anat Rec 262, 398\u2013419 (2001).","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"56783_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.08.001","volume":"28","author":"C Ries","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ries, C. et al. Age-related changes of micro-morphological subchondral bone properties in the healthy femoral head. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 28, 1437\u20131447 (2020).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"56783_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-005-0028-5","volume":"78","author":"M Ding","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ding, M., Danielsen, C. C. & Hvid, I. Age-related three-dimensional microarchitectural adaptations of subchondral bone tissues in guinea pig primary osteoarthrosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 78, 113\u2013122 (2006).","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int."},{"key":"56783_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1039896","volume":"131","author":"M M\u00fcller-Gerbl","year":"1993","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Gerbl, M., Putz, R. & Kenn, R. [Distribution pattern of subchondral mineralization in the glenoid cavity in normal subjects, athletes and patients]. Z. Orthop. Ihre Grenzgeb. 131, 10\u201313 (1993).","journal-title":"Z. Orthop. Ihre Grenzgeb"},{"key":"56783_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00519919","volume":"134","author":"B Tillmann","year":"1971","unstructured":"Tillmann, B. [The stress of the human elbow joint. I. Functional morphology of the articular surfaces]. Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 134, 328\u2013342 (1971).","journal-title":"Z. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch"},{"key":"56783_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42089","volume":"74","author":"H Long","year":"2022","unstructured":"Long, H. et al. Prevalence trends of site-specific osteoarthritis from 1990 to 2019: findings from the global burden of disease Study 2019. Arthritis Rheumatol. 74, 1172\u20131183 (2022).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"56783_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10600-6","volume":"12","author":"S Ajami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ajami, S. et al. Spatial links between subchondral bone architectural features and cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritic joints. Sci. Rep. 12, 6694 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"56783_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burr, D. B. Anatomy and physiology of the mineralized tissues: role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthrosis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 12 Suppl A: S20\u2013S30. (2004).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2003.09.016"},{"key":"56783_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785","volume":"285","author":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy","year":"2001","unstructured":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 285, 785\u2013795 (2001).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"56783_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.06.031","volume":"45","author":"TL Mueller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mueller, T. L. et al. Regional, age and gender differences in architectural measures of bone quality and their correlation to bone mechanical competence in the human radius of an elderly population. Bone 45, 882\u2013891 (2009).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"56783_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196648020-00008","volume":"48","author":"J Chalmers","year":"1966","unstructured":"Chalmers, J. & Weaver, J. K. Cancellous Bone. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 48(2), 299\u2013308 (1966).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"56783_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.4.632","volume":"12","author":"NL Fazzalari","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fazzalari, N. L. & Parkinson, I. H. Fractal properties of subchondral cancellous bone in severe osteoarthritis of the hip. J. Bone Min. Res. 12, 632\u2013640 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"56783_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.01.004","volume":"18","author":"F Intema","year":"2010","unstructured":"Intema, F. et al. In early OA, thinning of the subchondral plate is directly related to cartilage damage: results from a canine ACLT-meniscectomy model. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 18, 691\u2013698 (2010).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"56783_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05240.x","volume":"1192","author":"MB Goldring","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goldring, M. B. & Goldring, S. R. Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1192, 230\u2013237 (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"56783_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4405","volume":"15","author":"G Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li, G. et al. Subchondral bone in osteoarthritis: insight into risk factors and microstructural changes. Arthritis Res. Ther. 15, 223 (2013).","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"56783_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23312","volume":"35","author":"MAJ Finnil\u00e4","year":"2017","unstructured":"Finnil\u00e4, M. A. J. et al. Association between subchondral bone structure and osteoarthritis histopathological grade. J. Orthop. Res. 35, 785\u2013792 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"56783_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.09.018","volume":"83","author":"S Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda, S., Roman-Blas, J. A., Largo, R. & Herrero-Beaumont, G. Subchondral bone as a key target for osteoarthritis treatment. Biochem. Pharmacol. 83, 315\u2013323 (2012).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"56783_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.01.008","volume":"51","author":"JC Baker-LePain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baker-LePain, J. C. & Lane, N. E. Role of bone architecture and anatomy in osteoarthritis. Bone 51, 197\u2013203 (2012).","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"56783_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22921","volume":"56","author":"T Muraoka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Muraoka, T. et al. Role of subchondral bone in osteoarthritis development: a comparative study of two strains of guinea pigs with and without spontaneously occurring osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 56, 3366\u20133374 (2007).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"56783_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780130406","volume":"13","author":"EL Radin","year":"1970","unstructured":"Radin, E. L., Paul, I. L. & Tolkoff, M. J. Subchondral bone changes in patients with early degenerative joint disease. Arthritis Rheum 13, 400\u2013405 (1970).","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"56783_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.01.002","volume":"21","author":"T Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, T. et al. Spatial and temporal changes of subchondral bone proceed to microscopic articular cartilage degeneration in guinea pigs with spontaneous osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 21, 574\u2013581 (2013).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"56783_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000181","volume":"27","author":"T Funck-Brentano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Funck-Brentano, T. & Cohen-Solal, M. Subchondral bone and osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 27, 420\u2013426 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"56783_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2817","volume":"31","author":"VV Shanbhogue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shanbhogue, V. V., Brixen, K. & Hansen, S. Age- and sex-related changes in bone microarchitecture and estimated strength: A three-year prospective study using HRpQCT. J Bone Miner Res 31, 1541\u20131549 (2016).","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"56783_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060716","volume":"21","author":"XS Liu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Liu, X. S. et al. Quantification of the roles of trabecular microarchitecture and trabecular type in determining the elastic modulus of human trabecular bone. J Bone Miner Res 21, 1608\u20131617 (2006).","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"56783_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.04.006","volume":"26","author":"JL Bhatla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhatla, J. L. et al. Differences in subchondral bone plate and cartilage thickness between women with anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions and uninjured controls. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 26, 929\u2013939 (2018).","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"56783_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185117732098","volume":"59","author":"CA Agten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agten, C. A. et al. Subchondral bone microarchitecture analysis in the proximal tibia at 7-T MRI. Acta Radiol 59, 716\u2013722 (2018).","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"56783_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24927","volume":"42","author":"G Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, G. et al. 3 Tesla MRI detects deterioration in proximal femur microarchitecture and strength in long-term glucocorticoid users compared with controls. J Magn Reson Imaging 42, 1489\u20131496 (2015).","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"56783_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24892","volume":"42","author":"A Hotca","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hotca, A. et al. In vivo measurement reproducibility of femoral neck microarchitectural parameters derived from 3T MR images. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 42, 1339\u20131345 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"56783_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1865-x","volume":"18","author":"C Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Quantitative evaluation of subchondral bone microarchitecture in knee osteoarthritis using 3T MRI. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 18, 496 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord"},{"key":"56783_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004423","volume":"10","author":"JP Kemp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kemp, J. P. et al. Phenotypic dissection of bone mineral density reveals skeletal site specificity and facilitates the identification of novel loci in the genetic regulation of bone mass attainment. PLoS Genet. 10, e1004423 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"56783_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072149","volume":"357","author":"DJ Brenner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brenner, D. J. & Hall, E. J. Computed tomography-an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl. J. Med. 357, 2277\u20132284 (2007).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"56783_CR38","first-page":"290","volume":"21","author":"T Shapurian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shapurian, T. et al. Quantitative evaluation of bone density using the Hounsfield index. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. 21, 290\u2013297 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"56783_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.08.008","volume":"28","author":"S Miyamura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miyamura, S. et al. Cartilage and subchondral bone distributions of the distal radius: a 3-dimensional analysis using cadavers. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 28, 1572\u20131580 (2020).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"56783_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.J.00160","volume":"93","author":"JJ Schreiber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schreiber, J. J. et al. Hounsfield units for assessing bone mineral density and strength: a tool for osteoporosis management. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 93, 1057\u20131063 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"56783_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066709","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1066709","volume":"11","author":"G Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, G., Wang, Q., Li, Z. & Wu, T. Computed tomography osteoabsorptiometry: review of bone density, mechanical strength of material and clinical application. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 11, 1066709 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"56783_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-013-1049-2","volume":"51","author":"JG Dobbe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dobbe, J. G., Vroemen, J. C., Strackee, S. D. & Streekstra, G. J. Corrective distal radius osteotomy: Including bilateral differences in 3-D planning. Med Biol Eng Comput 51, 791\u2013797 (2013).","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"56783_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.12.035","volume":"37","author":"JC Vroemen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vroemen, J. C. et al. Three-dimensional assessment of bilateral symmetry of the radius and ulna for planning corrective surgeries. J Hand Surg Am 37, 982\u2013988 (2012).","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"56783_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.09.013","volume":"30","author":"RE Giunta","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giunta, R. E., Krolak, C., Biemer, E. & M\u00fcller-Gerbl, M. Patterns of subchondral bone mineralization in the distal radioulnar joint. J Hand Surg Am 30, 343\u2013350 (2005).","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"56783_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.277","volume":"5","author":"K Oka","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oka, K. et al. Accuracy analysis of three-dimensional bone surface models of the forearm constructed from multidetector computed tomography data. Int J Med Robot 5, 452\u2013457 (2009).","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot"},{"key":"56783_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","volume":"14","author":"PJ Besl","year":"1992","unstructured":"Besl, P. J. & McKay, N. D. A method for registration of 3-D shapes. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 14, 239\u2013256 (1992).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"56783_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0601-5","volume":"17","author":"M M\u00fcller-Gerbl","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Gerbl, M., Wei\u00dfer, S. & Linsenmeier, U. The distribution of mineral density in the cervical vertebral endplates. Eur Spine J 17, 432\u2013438 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"56783_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1308-5","volume":"35","author":"M Kraljevi\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kraljevi\u0107, M. et al. Mineralisation and mechanical strength of the glenoid cavity subchondral bone plate. Int Orthop 35, 1813\u20131819 (2011).","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"56783_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.05.018","volume":"21","author":"V Zumstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zumstein, V. et al. Correlation between mineralization and mechanical strength of the subchondral bone plate of the humeral head. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 21, 887\u2013893 (2012).","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"56783_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23615","volume":"34","author":"N Suoj\u00e4rvi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Suoj\u00e4rvi, N., Tampio, J., Lindfors, N. & Waris, E. Computer-aided 3D analysis of anatomy and radiographic parameters of the distal radius. Clin Anat 34, 574\u2013580 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"56783_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670810016759","volume":"79","author":"EH van Haaren","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Haaren, E. H. et al. Effect of long-term preservation on the mechanical properties of cortical bone in goats. Acta Orthop 79, 708\u2013716 (2008).","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"56783_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(94)90018-3","volume":"9","author":"SJ Edmondston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Edmondston, S. J., Singer, K. P., Day, R. E., Breidahl, P. D. & Price, R. I. Formalin fixation effects on vertebral bone density and failure mechanics: An in-vitro study of human and sheep vertebrae. Clin Biomech (Bristol) 9, 175\u2013179 (1994).","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)"},{"key":"56783_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-015-0066-z","volume":"15","author":"T Baum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baum, T. et al. Osteoporosis imaging: effects of bone preservation on MDCT-based trabecular bone microstructure parameters and finite element models. BMC Med. Imaging. 15, 22 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"56783_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2020.1832701","volume":"79","author":"C Kruse","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kruse, C., Bruel, A., Spin-Neto, R., Wenzel, A. & Kirkevang, L. L. Effect of a formalin-based fixation method on bone mineral content in human ex-vivo specimens. Acta Odontol Scand 79, 212\u2013217 (2021).","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56783-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56783-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56783-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T01:04:01Z","timestamp":1787101441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-56783-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["56783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-56783-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This cadaveric study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Osaka University Hospital (Approval No. 15521). All specimens were obtained with informed consent from donors or their legal representatives.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"25990"}}