{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:04:00Z","timestamp":1789340640830,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":84,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57015-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:06:19Z","timestamp":1782133579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metal oxides-based catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses for bio-oil development: a comparative assessment on process optimization and characterization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"P. Jennita","family":"Jacqueline","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. R. Pranav","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Vijayatharishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ranjitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanthagopal","family":"Kasianantham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"57015_CR1","unstructured":"Energy Outlook. (2024)."},{"key":"57015_CR2","unstructured":"Global Energy Review. https:\/\/www.iea.org (2025)."},{"key":"57015_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2006.07.014","volume":"12","author":"HB Goyal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goyal, H. B., Seal, D. & Saxena, R. C. Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12, 504\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2006.07.014 (2008).","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"key":"57015_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38148","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c04275","volume":"8","author":"PL Ching","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ching, P. L., So, R. H., Cheng, S., Boonyubol, S. & Cross, J. S. Prediction of higher heating values in bio-oil from solvothermal biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading given discontinuous experimental conditions. ACS Omega 8, 38148\u201338159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c04275 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"57015_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en16155805","author":"H Negi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Negi, H., Suyal, D. C., Soni, R., Giri, K. & Goel, R. Indian scenario of biomass availability and its bioenergy-conversion potential. Energies (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en16155805 (2023).","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"57015_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16073066","author":"F Vieira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vieira, F. et al. Coconut waste: discovering sustainable approaches to advance a circular economy. Sustain. (Switzerland) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16073066 (2024).","journal-title":"Sustain. (Switzerland)"},{"key":"57015_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8210","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC02802A","volume":"22","author":"C Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, C. et al. Hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification of biomass and model compounds: A review. Green Chemistry 22, 8210\u20138232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0GC02802A (2020).","journal-title":"Green Chemistry"},{"key":"57015_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2008.11.009","volume":"84","author":"A Khelfa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khelfa, A., Sharypov, V., Finqueneisel, G. & Weber, J. V. Catalytic pyrolysis and gasification of Miscanthus giganteus: Haematite (Fe2O3) a versatile catalyst. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 84, 84\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2008.11.009 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"57015_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.11.077","volume":"102","author":"I Demiral","year":"2011","unstructured":"Demiral, I. & Ayan, E. A. Pyrolysis of grape bagasse: Effect of pyrolysis conditions on the product yields and characterization of the liquid product. Bioresour. Technol. 102, 3946\u20133951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.11.077 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"57015_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14164916","author":"A Mathanker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mathanker, A. et al. A review of hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass for biofuels production with a special focus on the effect of process parameters, co-solvents and extraction solvents. Energies (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14164916 (2021).","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"57015_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ijecc\/2022\/v12i1131221","author":"L Jawale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jawale, L. & Rupnar, A. K. A Review on Pyrolysis for Sustainable Biomass Conversion. Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/ijecc\/2022\/v12i1131221 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change"},{"key":"57015_CR12","unstructured":"Ali, A. & Mushtaq, A. Do Biofuels really a need of the day: Approaches, Mechanisms, Applications and Challenges.\u00a0www.iscientific.org\/Journal.html (2023)."},{"key":"57015_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2021.770355","author":"A Inayat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Inayat, A. et al. Techno-economical evaluation of bio-oil production via biomass fast pyrolysis process: a review, front. Energy Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenrg.2021.770355 (2022).","journal-title":"Energy Res."},{"key":"57015_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ce\/zkae036","volume":"8","author":"V Kavan Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kavan Kumar, V. & Panwar, N. L. Pyrolysis technologies for biochar production in waste management: a review. Clean. Energy. 8, 61\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ce\/zkae036 (2024).","journal-title":"Clean. Energy"},{"key":"57015_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9567","DOI":"10.1039\/d2ra00702a","volume":"12","author":"O Farobie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farobie, O. et al. In-depth study of bio-oil and biochar production from macroalgae Sargassum sp. via slow pyrolysis. RSC Adv. 12, 9567\u20139578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d2ra00702a (2022).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"57015_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-019-10059-w","volume":"13","author":"SH Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang, S. H. Rice husk and its pretreatments for bio-oil production via fast pyrolysis: A review. BioEnergy Research 13, 23\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12155-019-10059-w (2020).","journal-title":"BioEnergy Research"},{"key":"57015_CR17","first-page":"23","volume":"16","author":"NS Pandhare","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pandhare, N. S., More, S. S. & Perke, D. S. Is Cultivation of Safflower Variety PBNS-86 in Marathwada Region is Profitable ? Int. J. Theoretical Appl. Sci. 16, 23\u201327 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Theoretical Appl. Sci."},{"key":"57015_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.01.048","volume":"38","author":"AV Bridgwater","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bridgwater, A. V. Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass Bioenergy. 38, 68\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.01.048 (2012).","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"57015_CR19","unstructured":"Final Scientific\/Technical Report Project Title. Catalytic Deoxygenation of Biomass Pyrolysis Vapors to Improve Bio-oil Stability."},{"key":"57015_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126382","author":"P Jennita Jacqueline","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jennita Jacqueline, P. et al. Catalytic microwave preheated co-pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses: A study on biofuel production and its characterization. Bioresour Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.126382 (2022).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"57015_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15070493","author":"W Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun, W. et al. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass: a review of zeolite, carbonaceous, and metal oxide catalysts. Nanomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano15070493 (2025).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"57015_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.129645","author":"ASA Almalki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almalki, A. S. A., Alhadhrami, A., Alsanie, W. F., Kamarudin, S. K. & Pugazhendhi, A. Characteristic studies on sustainable upgraded bio-oil produced using green TiO2\/AlSBA-15 nano composite. Fuel https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2023.129645 (2024).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"57015_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13333","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03414-z","volume":"14","author":"M Iminabo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iminabo, M., Yip, A. C. K., Iminabo, J. T. & Pang, S. High-temperature catalytic pyrolysis of radiata pine for production of high-value products. Biomass Convers. Biorefin. 14, 13333\u201313351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-03414-z (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin"},{"key":"57015_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106850","author":"ACM Vilas-Boas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vilas-Boas, A. C. M. et al. Methodologies for bio-oil characterization from biomass pyrolysis: A review focused on GC-MS. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2024.106850 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"57015_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.12.013","volume":"138","author":"A Bhatnagar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhatnagar, A. et al. Effect of pretreatment and biomass blending on bio-oil and biochar quality from two-step slow pyrolysis of rice straw. Waste Manage. 138, 298\u2013307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.12.013 (2022).","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"57015_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43771","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05656","volume":"8","author":"AM Yahya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yahya, A. M. et al. Comprehensive Characterization of Some Selected Biomass for Bioenergy Production. ACS Omega. 8, 43771\u201343791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c05656 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"57015_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2015.04.010","volume":"122","author":"N Prieto-Taboada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prieto-Taboada, N. et al. The relevance of the combination of XRD and Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of the CaSO4-H2O system compounds. Microchem. J. 122, 102\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microc.2015.04.010 (2015).","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"57015_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41446-1","author":"MA Shah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shah, M. A. et al. Development of sustainable biomass residues for biofuels applications. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-41446-1 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"57015_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104561","author":"P Sakulkit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sakulkit, P., Palamanit, A., Dejchanchaiwong, R. & Reubroycharoen, P. Characteristics of pyrolysis products from pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of rubber wood and oil palm trunk biomass for biofuel and value-added applications. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104561 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"57015_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.173","volume":"167","author":"V Balasundram","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balasundram, V. et al. Thermogravimetric catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic studies of coconut copra and rice husk for possible maximum production of pyrolysis oil. J. Clean. Prod. 167, 218\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.173 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"57015_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103679","author":"N Rambhatla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rambhatla, N., Panicker, T. F., Mishra, R. K., Manjeshwar, S. K. & Sharma, A. Biomass pyrolysis for biochar production: Study of kinetics parameters and effect of temperature on biochar yield and its physicochemical properties. Results Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103679 (2025).","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"57015_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.02.013","volume":"108","author":"F Abnisa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abnisa, F., Wan Daud, W. M. A., Ramalingam, S., Azemi, M. N. B. M. & Sahu, J. N. Co-pyrolysis of palm shell and polystyrene waste mixtures to synthesis liquid fuel. Fuel 108, 311\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2013.02.013 (2013).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"57015_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crcon.2021.10.002","volume":"4","author":"LM Terry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terry, L. M. et al. Bio-oil production from pyrolysis of oil palm biomass and the upgrading technologies: A review. Carbon Resour. Convers. 4, 239\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crcon.2021.10.002 (2021).","journal-title":"Carbon Resour. Convers."},{"key":"57015_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11113115","author":"MN Uddin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uddin, M. N. et al. An overview of recent developments in biomass pyrolysis technologies. Energies (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en11113115 (2018).","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"57015_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2016.02.024","volume":"4","author":"T Rout","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rout, T., Pradhan, D., Singh, R. K. & Kumari, N. Exhaustive study of products obtained from coconut shell pyrolysis. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4, 3696\u20133705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2016.02.024 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"57015_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13092178","author":"GY Obeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Obeng, G. Y. et al. Coconut wastes as bioresource for sustainable energy: Quantifying wastes, calorific values and emissions in Ghana. Energies (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13092178 (2020).","journal-title":"Energies (Basel)"},{"key":"57015_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.150","volume":"128","author":"D Angin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Angin, D. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake. Bioresour Technol. 128, 593\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.150 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"57015_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2024.101831","author":"T Agrizzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agrizzi, T. et al. Assessing coconut shell pyrolysis: Biomass characterization, activation energy estimation, and statistical analysis of operating conditions. Bioresource Technol. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biteb.2024.101831 (2024).","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol. Rep."},{"key":"57015_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.102903","author":"N Bhattacharjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, N. & Biswas, A. B. Pyrolysis of orange bagasse: Comparative study and parametric influence on the product yield and their characterization. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2019.102903 (2019).","journal-title":"Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering"},{"key":"57015_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116305","author":"S Qiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiu, S. et al. Effects of Fe2O3 addition on the thermoplasticity and structure of coking coal matrix during thermoplastic stage of pyrolysis. Fuel https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116305 (2020).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"57015_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31972","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c03787","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhou, S., Li, J., Sun, Z. & Pang, W. Study on Pyrolysis Kinetics, Behavior, and Mechanism of Organic-Rich Tuffaceous Mudstones Based on Thermogravimetric Analysis. ACS Omega 8, 31972\u201331983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c03787 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"57015_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.09.054","volume":"93","author":"R Mehrabian","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehrabian, R., Scharler, R. & Obernberger, I. Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the heating rate in biomass particles and applicability of TGA kinetic parameters in particle thermal conversion modelling. Fuel 93, 567\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.09.054 (2012).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"57015_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136055","author":"Z Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, Z. et al. Fe2O3, Al2O3, or sludge ash-catalyzed pyrolysis of typical 3D printing waste toward tackling plastic pollution. J. Hazard. Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136055 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"57015_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.11.004","volume":"99","author":"S \u015eens\u00f6z","year":"2008","unstructured":"\u015eens\u00f6z, S. & Angin, D. Pyrolysis of safflower (Charthamus tinctorius L.) seed press cake in a fixed-bed reactor: Part 2. Structural characterization of pyrolysis bio-oils. Bioresour Technol. 99, 5498\u20135504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2007.11.004 (2008).","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol."},{"key":"57015_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2017.01.017","volume":"124","author":"S Vichaphund","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vichaphund, S., Sricharoenchaikul, V. & Atong, D. Industrial waste derived CaO-based catalysts for upgrading volatiles during pyrolysis of Jatropha residues. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 124, 568\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2017.01.017 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"57015_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.05.020","volume":"108","author":"X Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Comparison of catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors over CaO and Fe(III)\/CaO catalysts. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 108, 35\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.05.020 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"57015_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2018.06.015","volume":"92","author":"Z Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, Z. et al. The effects of Fe2O3 catalyst on the conversion of organic matter and bio-fuel production during pyrolysis of sewage sludge. J. Energy Inst. 92, 835\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joei.2018.06.015 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"57015_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9934","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b02341","volume":"33","author":"Z Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong, Z. et al. Lignin Characterization and Catalytic Pyrolysis for Phenol-Rich Oil with TiO2-Based Catalysts. Energy Fuels. 33, 9934\u20139941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b02341 (2019).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"57015_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.02.030","volume":"89","author":"Q Lu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lu, Q., Zhang, Y., Tang, Z., Li, W. Z. & Zhu, X. F. Catalytic upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis vapors with titania and zirconia\/titania based catalysts. Fuel 89, 2096\u20132103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2010.02.030 (2010).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"57015_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.07.021","volume":"79","author":"X Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin, X. et al. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of a wood-plastic composite with metal oxides as catalysts. Waste Manage. 79, 38\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.07.021 (2018).","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"57015_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2015.09.011","volume":"116","author":"L Sun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sun, L. et al. Effect of preparation method on structure characteristics and fast pyrolysis of biomass with Fe\/CaO catalysts. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 116, 183\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2015.09.011 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"57015_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1021\/ef502353m","volume":"29","author":"R Mahadevan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mahadevan, R., Shakya, R., Neupane, S. & Adhikari, S. Physical and chemical properties and accelerated aging test of bio-oil produced from in situ catalytic pyrolysis in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor. Energy Fuels. 29, 841\u2013848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ef502353m (2015).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"57015_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10108","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c02178","volume":"11","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, S., Xue, Y., Lin, Y., Wang, B. & Gao, X. Synergistic Activity of the Fe 2 O 3 \/Al 2 O 3 Catalyst for Hydrogen Production through Pyrolysis-Catalytic Decomposition of Plastics, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11, 10108\u201310118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acssuschemeng.3c02178 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng."},{"key":"57015_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2019.01.019","volume":"139","author":"A Baimoldina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baimoldina, A., Papadikis, K. & Konysheva, E. Y. Diverse impact of \u0391-Fe2O3 with nano\/micro-sized shapes on the catalytic fast pyrolysis of pinewood: Py-GC\/MS study. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 139, 145\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2019.01.019 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"57015_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2023.114151","author":"EF Iliopoulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iliopoulou, E. F. et al. Catalytic pyrolysis of olive mill wastes towards advanced bio-fuels and bio-chemicals using metal oxide catalysts. Catal. Today https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cattod.2023.114151 (2023).","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"57015_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5b02720","volume":"30","author":"Y Fu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fu, Y., Guo, Y. & Zhang, K. Effect of Three Different Catalysts (KCl, CaO, and Fe2O3) on the Reactivity and Mechanism of Low-Rank Coal Pyrolysis. Energy Fuels. 30, 2428\u20132433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.5b02720 (2016).","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"57015_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.12.049","volume":"158","author":"TK Vo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vo, T. K., Kim, W. S., Kim, S. S., Yoo, K. S. & Kim, J. Facile synthesis of Mo\/Al2O3\u2013TiO2 catalysts using spray pyrolysis and their catalytic activity for hydrodeoxygenation. Energy Convers. Manag. 158, 92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.12.049 (2018).","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag"},{"key":"57015_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2024.107423","author":"H Tian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tian, H. et al. Balancing bio-oil quality and yield during rapid pyrolysis of Miscanthus using ZSM-5 and metal oxides. Biomass Bioenergy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biombioe.2024.107423 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"57015_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.133986","author":"X Lian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lian, X. et al. Pyrolysis characterization and mechanism studies of different structural plastics: A comparative study at optimal temperatures. Energy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2024.133986 (2024).","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"57015_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118112","author":"S Stegen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stegen, S. & Kaparaju, P. Effect of temperature on oil quality obtained through pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Fuel https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118112 (2020).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"57015_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5813(21)60065-8","volume":"49","author":"XH Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, X. H. et al. Effect of Fe2O3 on the pyrolysis of two demineralized coal using in-situ pyrolysis photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao\/Journal Fuel Chem. Technol. 49, 589\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1872-5813(21)60065-8 (2021).","journal-title":"Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao\/Journal Fuel Chem. Technol."},{"key":"57015_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2023.107775","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Biomass catalytic pyrolysis over CaO microspheres: Relationship between the production of bio-oil components and CO2 capture. Fuel Process. Technol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuproc.2023.107775 (2023).","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"57015_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2023.103091","author":"SP Pandey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pandey, S. P., Singh, S. K., Panda, A. K., Mandal, S. & Kumar, S. Catalytic pyrolysis of Argemone mexicana seeds over synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles to produce renewable fuels. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seta.2023.103091 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"57015_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2025.107044","author":"M Tiwari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tiwari, M. & Vinu, R. In situ and ex situ catalytic microwave pyrolysis of biomass pellets using Ni\/Al2O3 for hydrogen and bio-oil production. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaap.2025.107044 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"57015_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.142","volume":"196","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed, N., Zeeshan, M., Iqbal, N., Farooq, M. Z. & Shah, S. A. Investigation on bio-oil yield and quality with scrap tire addition in sugarcane bagasse pyrolysis. J. Clean. Prod. 196, 927\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.06.142 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"57015_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.134913","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. In-situ reaction strengthening mechanism of the pyrolysis water and bio-oil during the biomass pyrolysis over CaO and Ni-char dual catalytic system. Energy https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2025.134913 (2025).","journal-title":"Energy"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57015-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57015-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57015-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T22:53:11Z","timestamp":1789339991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57015-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-57015-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"28532"}}