{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:48:09Z","timestamp":1782128889950,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57413-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T08:04:05Z","timestamp":1781165045000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GPRF-HPNet Physics-guided texture-aware fusion for real-world underwater image enhancement"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miss Laiha Mat","family":"Kiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafidah Md","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lip Yee","family":"Por","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"57413_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8821","DOI":"10.1021\/es1012752","volume":"44","author":"MJ Costello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Costello, M. J., Cheung, A. & De Hauwere, N. Surface area and the seabed area, volume, depth, slope, and topographic variation for the world\u2019s seas, oceans, and countries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (23), 8821\u20138828 (2010).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"57413_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2022.10.039","volume":"517","author":"C Fu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fu, C. et al. Rethinking general underwater object detection: Datasets, challenges, and solutions. Neurocomputing 517, 243\u2013256 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"4","key":"57413_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8237","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3105144","volume":"6","author":"L Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong, L. et al. Weakly supervised underwater image enhancement for improved visual perception. IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett. 6 (4), 8237\u20138244 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"57413_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2020.2988590","volume":"27","author":"A Dudhane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dudhane, A., Hambarde, P., Patil, P. & Murala, S. Deep underwater image restoration and beyond. IEEE. Signal. Process. Lett. 27, 675\u2013679 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE. Signal. Process. Lett."},{"key":"57413_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3276332","volume":"32","author":"L Peng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peng, L., Zhu, C. & Bian, L. U-shape transformer for underwater image enhancement. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 32, 3066\u20133079 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"57413_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3070253","volume":"6","author":"K Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, K., Shen, L., Lin, Y., Li, M. & Zhao, Q. Joint iterative color correction and dehazing for underwater image enhancement. IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett. 6 (3), 5121\u20135128 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett."},{"key":"57413_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2022.3196546","volume":"31","author":"P Zhuang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhuang, P., Wu, J., Porikli, F. & Li, C. Underwater image enhancement with hyper-laplacian reflectance priors. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 31, 5442\u20135455 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"57413_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2020.115892","volume":"86","author":"X Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu, X. & Cao, X. Underwater image enhancement with global\u2013local networks and compressed-histogram equalization. Sig. Process. Image Commun. 86, 115892 (2020).","journal-title":"Sig. Process. Image Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"57413_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, J., Kiah, M. L. M., Noor, R. M. & Wu, Y. MHF-UIE a multi-task hybrid fusion method for real-world underwater image enhancement. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 1\u201319 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"57413_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106585","volume":"192","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Dong, L. & Xu, W. Retinex-inspired color correction and detail preserved fusion for underwater image enhancement. Comput. Electron. Agric. 192, 106585 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"1","key":"57413_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2759252","volume":"27","author":"CO Ancuti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ancuti, C. O., Ancuti, C., De Vleeschouwer, C. & Bekaert, P. Color balance and fusion for underwater image enhancement. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 27 (1), 379\u2013393 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"57413_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2021.106981","volume":"91","author":"W Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Color correction and adaptive contrast enhancement for underwater image enhancement. Comput. Electr. Eng. 91, 106981 (2021).","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"57413_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2019.2960942","volume":"66","author":"W Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, W., Wang, Y., Huang, D., Liotta, A. & Perra, C. Enhancement of underwater images with statistical model of background light and optimization of transmission map. IEEE Trans. Broadcast. 66 (1), 153\u2013169 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Broadcast."},{"issue":"4","key":"57413_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2179666","volume":"21","author":"JY Chiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiang, J. Y. & Chen, Y. C. Underwater image enhancement by wavelength compensation and dehazing. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 21 (4), 1756\u20131769 (2011).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"8","key":"57413_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3035108","volume":"31","author":"L Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. Perceptual underwater image enhancement with deep learning and physical priors. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 31 (8), 3078\u20133092 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"57413_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Cao, Y. & Wang, Z. A deep CNN method for underwater image enhancement, in IEEE international conference on image processing (ICIP), 2017: IEEE, pp. 1382\u20131386., 2017: IEEE, pp. 1382\u20131386. (2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296508"},{"key":"57413_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh, C. H., Huang, C. H. & Lin, C. H. Deep learning underwater image color correction and contrast enhancement based on hue preservation, in 2019 IEEE underwater technology (UT), : IEEE, 1\u20136. (2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/UT.2019.8734469"},{"key":"57413_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2023.01.009","volume":"111","author":"Z Shen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen, Z., Xu, H., Luo, T., Song, Y. & He, Z. UDAformer: Underwater image enhancement based on dual attention transformer. Computers Graphics. 111, 77\u201388 (2023).","journal-title":"Computers Graphics"},{"key":"57413_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94614","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928976","volume":"7","author":"P Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, P. et al. Underwater image enhancement with a deep residual framework. IEEE access. 7, 94614\u201394629 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE access."},{"issue":"11","key":"57413_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5580","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2919947","volume":"28","author":"SB Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, S. B., Zhang, M., Zhao, Q., Zhang, X. S. & Li, Y. J. Underwater image enhancement using adaptive retinal mechanisms. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 28 (11), 5580\u20135595 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"57413_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma, H., Huang, J., Shen, C. & Jiang, Z. Retinex-inspired Underwater Image Enhancement with Information Entropy Smoothing and Non-uniform Illumination Priors. Pattern Recogn. 162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111411 \u00a0(2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111411"},{"issue":"4","key":"57413_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6216","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.449930","volume":"30","author":"T Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, T. et al. Underwater image enhancement using adaptive color restoration and dehazing. Opt. Express. 30 (4), 6216\u20136235 (2022).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"57413_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2024.111198","volume":"160","author":"J Song","year":"2025","unstructured":"Song, J. et al. Frequency domain-based latent diffusion model for underwater image enhancement. Pattern Recogn. 160, 111198 (2025).","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"57413_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.130064","volume":"552","author":"J Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, J. & Wang, J. Underwater image enhancement method based on golden jackal optimization. Opt. Commun. 552, 130064 (2024).","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"57413_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, S., Fu, Z., Huang, Y., Tu, X. & Ding, X. Unsupervised and untrained underwater image restoration based on physical image formation model, in ICASSP 2022\u20132022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), : IEEE, pp. 2774\u20132778. (2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP43922.2022.9746292"},{"issue":"4","key":"57413_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2024.3429653","volume":"49","author":"X Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhang, L., Huang, J. & Wang, L. Underwater image enhancement via modeling white degradation. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 49 (4), 1220\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/JOE.2024.3429653 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"57413_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2022.116684","volume":"104","author":"L Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong, L., Zhang, W. & Xu, W. Underwater image enhancement via integrated RGB and LAB color models. Sig. Process. Image Commun. 104, 116684 (2022).","journal-title":"Sig. Process. Image Commun."},{"issue":"16","key":"57413_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26697","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.494638","volume":"31","author":"Y Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao, Y., Chen, H., Peng, Z. & Tan, R. Underwater image enhancement via red channel maximum attenuation prior and multi-scale detail fusion. Opt. Express. 31 (16), 26697\u201326723 (2023).","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"issue":"11","key":"57413_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.12247","volume":"15","author":"D Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu, D., Liu, Z. & Zhang, Y. Underwater image enhancement based on colour correction and fusion. IET Image Proc. 15 (11), 2591\u20132603 (2021).","journal-title":"IET Image Proc."},{"key":"57413_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Wang, Y., Ding, X., Mi, Z. & Fu, X. Single underwater image enhancement by attenuation map guided color correction and detail preserved dehazing, Neurocomputing, vol. 425, pp. 160\u2013172, (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.03.091"},{"key":"57413_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106497","volume":"191","author":"Y Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Zhou, J., Ren, W. & Zhang, W. Autonomous underwater robot for underwater image enhancement via multi-scale deformable convolution network with attention mechanism. Comput. Electron. Agric. 191, 106497 (2021).","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"57413_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4472","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3286263","volume":"32","author":"R Cong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cong, R. et al. Pugan: Physical model-guided underwater image enhancement using gan with dual-discriminators. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 32, 4472\u20134485 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"57413_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"62","author":"D Liang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liang, D., Chu, J., Cui, Y., Zhai, Z. & Wang, D. NPT-UL: An underwater image enhancement framework based on nonphysical transformation and unsupervised learning. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 62, 1\u201319 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"issue":"5","key":"57413_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17050759","volume":"17","author":"F Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, F., Li, W., Zheng, J., Wang, L. & Xi, Y. Contrastive Feature Disentanglement via Physical Priors for Underwater Image Enhancement. Remote Sens. 17 (5), 759 (2025).","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"10","key":"57413_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.3390\/s24103070","volume":"24","author":"B Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, B., Yang, Y., Zhao, M. & Hu, M. A novel lightweight model for underwater image enhancement. Sensors 24 (10), 3070 (2024).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"57413_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"71","author":"Z Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Li, J., Hua, Z. & Fan, L. Underwater image enhancement via adaptive group attention-based multiscale cascade transformer. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 71, 1\u201318 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"57413_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. SCAFNet: A Semantic Compensated Adaptive Fusion Network for Remote Sensing Images Change Detection. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 23, 1\u20135 (2026).","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"57413_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wang, T., Xue, L., Lian, W. & Tao, R. ORSI Salient Object Detection via Progressive Interaction and Saliency-Guided Enhancement. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 23, 1\u20135 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"57413_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.111898","volume":"160","author":"S Umirzakova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Umirzakova, S., Mardieva, S., Muksimova, S., Baltayev, J. & Im Cho, Y. Iterative contextual and adaptive strategies for enhanced monocular depth estimation. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 160, 111898 (2025).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"57413_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.105810","volume":"85","author":"KZM Azmi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azmi, K. Z. M., Ghani, A. S. A., Yusof, Z. M. & Ibrahim, Z. Natural-based underwater image color enhancement through fusion of swarm-intelligence algorithm. Appl. Soft Comput. 85, 105810 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"57413_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.110041","volume":"258","author":"X Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan, X., Qin, W., Wang, Y., Wang, G. & Fu, X. Attention-guided dynamic multi-branch neural network for underwater image enhancement. Knowl. Based Syst. 258, 110041 (2022).","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"57413_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.4316\/AECE.2018.02014","volume":"18","author":"SL Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong, S. L., Paramesran, R. & Taguchi, A. Underwater image enhancement by adaptive gray world and differential gray-levels histogram equalization. Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng. 18 (2), 109\u2013116 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"57413_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.4429242","volume":"53","author":"Y Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Yuhua, P. & Zhaoguang, L. A fast algorithm for YCbCr to RGB conversion. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 53 (4), 1490\u20131493 (2008).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"issue":"6","key":"57413_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3390\/s22062168","volume":"22","author":"YT Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, Y. T., Chen, Y. R., Chen, Z., Wang, J. H. & Huang, S. C. Underwater image enhancement based on histogram-equalization approximation using physics-based dichromatic modeling. Sensors 22 (6), 2168 (2022).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"57413_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, R., Rottmann, M. & Gottschalk, H. Entropy maximization and meta classification for out-of-distribution detection in semantic segmentation, in Proceedings of the ieee\/cvf international conference on computer vision, pp. 5128\u20135137. (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00508"},{"issue":"2","key":"57413_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10244-2","volume":"16","author":"A Chougule","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chougule, A., Bhardwaj, A., Chamola, V. & Narang, P. Agd-net: attention-guided dense inception u-net for single-image dehazing. Cogn. Comput. 16 (2), 788\u2013801 (2024).","journal-title":"Cogn. Comput."},{"issue":"4","key":"57413_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2023.3299314","volume":"34","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Underwater image enhancement via weighted wavelet visual perception fusion. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 34 (4), 2469\u20132483 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"57413_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, S., Park, J., Lee, J. Y. & Kweon, I. S. Cbam: Convolutional block attention module, in Proceedings of the European conference on computer vision (ECCV), pp. 3\u201319. (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01234-2_1"},{"key":"57413_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4376","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2955241","volume":"29","author":"C Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. An underwater image enhancement benchmark dataset and beyond. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 29, 4376\u20134389 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"12","key":"57413_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2019.2963772","volume":"30","author":"R Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, R., Fan, X., Zhu, M., Hou, M. & Luo, Z. Real-world underwater enhancement: Challenges, benchmarks, and solutions under natural light. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 30 (12), 4861\u20134875 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"57413_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Ma, L., Zhang, J., Fan, X. & Luo, Z. Retinex-inspired unrolling with cooperative prior architecture search for low-light image enhancement, in Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp. 10561\u201310570. (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01042"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"57413_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051604","volume":"64","author":"J N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"1996","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez, J., Cincotta, P. & Wachlin, F. Information entropy: An indicator of chaos. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astronomy. 64 (1\u20132), 43\u201353 (1996).","journal-title":"Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astronomy"},{"key":"57413_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2016.12.009","volume":"158","author":"C Ma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma, C., Yang, C. Y., Yang, X. & Yang, M. H. Learning a no-reference quality metric for single-image super-resolution. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 158, 1\u201316 (2017).","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"57413_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2017.12.006","volume":"70","author":"Y Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. An imaging-inspired no-reference underwater color image quality assessment metric. Comput. Electr. Eng. 70, 904\u2013913 (2018).","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"57413_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6062","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2491020","volume":"24","author":"M Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, M. & Sowmya, A. An underwater color image quality evaluation metric. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 24 (12), 6062\u20136071 (2015).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"57413_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2015.2469915","volume":"41","author":"K Panetta","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panetta, K., Gao, C. & Agaian, S. Human-visual-system-inspired underwater image quality measures. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 41 (3), 541\u2013551 (2015).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Oceanic Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"57413_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2022.3223733","volume":"48","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Pang, L., Zhang, D. & Zhang, W. Underwater image enhancement method via multi-interval subhistogram perspective equalization. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 48 (2), 474\u2013488 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Oceanic Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"57413_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7728","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3251326","volume":"23","author":"M Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin, M., Du, X., Liu, W., Yu, L. & Xing, Y. Multiscale fusion algorithm for underwater image enhancement based on color preservation. IEEE Sens. J. 23 (7), 7728\u20137740 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"57413_CR59","first-page":"1","volume":"60","author":"Z Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang, Z., Zhang, W., Ruan, R., Zhuang, P. & Li, C. GIFM: An image restoration method with generalized image formation model for poor visible conditions. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 60, 1\u201316 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"57413_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4211615","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3477911","volume":"62","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Underwater image restoration via constrained color compensation and background light color space-based haze-line model. IEEE Trans. Geoscience Remote Sens. 62, 4211615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3477911 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geoscience Remote Sens."},{"issue":"8","key":"57413_CR61","first-page":"2822","volume":"43","author":"D Berman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berman, D., Levy, D., Avidan, S. & Treibitz, T. Underwater single image color restoration using haze-lines and a new quantitative dataset. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 43 (8), 2822\u20132837 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"57413_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5326","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3156176","volume":"7","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Adaptive learning attention network for underwater image enhancement. IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett. 7 (2), 5326\u20135333 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Rob. Autom. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"57413_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2022.3152519","volume":"49","author":"S Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, S. et al. Underwater image enhancement with reinforcement learning. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 49 (1), 249\u2013261 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Oceanic Eng."},{"key":"57413_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106532","volume":"123","author":"T Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, T. et al. Semantic attention and relative scene depth-guided network for underwater image enhancement. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 123, 106532 (2023).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"57413_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105946","volume":"121","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Sun, J., Zhang, W. & Lin, Z. Multi-view underwater image enhancement method via embedded fusion mechanism. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 121, 105946 (2023).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"57413_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3225797","volume":"24","author":"G Sahu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sahu, G., Seal, A., Bhattacharjee, D., Frischer, R. & Krejcar, O. A novel parameter adaptive dual channel MSPCNN based single image dehazing for intelligent transportation systems. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 24 (3), 3027\u20133047 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57413-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57413-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57413-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:04:32Z","timestamp":1782126272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57413-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-57413-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19347"}}