{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:21:11Z","timestamp":1788524471656,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":79,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57426-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:46:16Z","timestamp":1781718376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between recombinant human growth hormone therapy and refractive status in Korean children with idiopathic short stature: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Min-Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoo-Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Yun","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"57426_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, et al. The epidemics of myopia: aetiology and prevention. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 149, 134\u2013149 (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004"},{"key":"57426_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haarman, et al. The complications of myopia: a review and meta-analysis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 61(4), 49 (2020).","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.4.49"},{"issue":"5","key":"57426_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","volume":"123","author":"BA Holden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holden, B. A. et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 123 (5), 1036\u20131042 (2016).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"57426_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2024-325427","volume":"109","author":"JeaG Liang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liang, JeaG. et al. Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 109(3), 362\u2013371 (2025).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"57426_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, et al. Adolescent vision health during the outbreak of COVID-19: association between digital screen use and myopia progression. Front. Pediatr. 662984, 662984 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.662984"},{"key":"57426_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, H. The effects of smartphone, tablet and computer overuse on children\u2019s eyes during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Pediatr. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jpr.galenos.2021.72623 (2021).","DOI":"10.4274\/jpr.galenos.2021.72623"},{"issue":"5","key":"57426_CR7","first-page":"1408","volume":"43","author":"S-M Saw","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saw, S-M. et al. Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43 (5), 1408\u20131413 (2002).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"57426_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, et al. Correlation between increase of axial length and height growth in Chinese school-age children. Front. Public Health 817882, 817882 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.817882"},{"key":"57426_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, et al. Longitudinal changes of axial length and height are associated and concomitant in children. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(11), 7949\u20137953 (2011).","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7684"},{"issue":"13","key":"57426_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10402","volume":"53","author":"VCH Yip","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yip, V. C. H. et al. The relationship between growth spurts and myopia in Singapore children. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53 (13), 7961\u20137966 (2012).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"57426_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614981","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.614981","volume":"11","author":"EJ Velez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Velez, E. J. & Unniappan, S. A comparative update on the neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone in vertebrates. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 614981 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"8","key":"57426_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288S14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-693X(22)00038-0","volume":"28","author":"N Bouhours-Nouet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bouhours-Nouet, N. & Teinturier, C. Long-acting recombinant human growth hormone in the treatment of pediatric growth hormone deficiency, how far have we got? Archives de P\u00e9diatrie. 28 (8), 288S14\u2013288S0 (2022).","journal-title":"Archives de P\u00e9diatrie"},{"key":"57426_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925102","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.925102","volume":"13","author":"HW Chae","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chae, H. W. et al. Height outcomes in Korean children with idiopathic short stature receiving growth hormone treatment. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 925102 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"11","key":"57426_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00246","volume":"3","author":"A Grimberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grimberg, A. & Kanter, G. P. US growth hormone use in the idiopathic short stature era: trends in insurer payments and patient financial burden. J. Endocr. Soc. 3 (11), 2023\u20132031 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"57426_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.3390\/children11111354","volume":"11","author":"S Zverev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zverev, S., Tenner, Z. M., Coladonato, C. & Lazar-Antman, M. The Rising Popularity of Growth Hormone Therapy and Ensuing Orthopedic Complications in the Pediatric Population: A Review. Children 11 (11), 1354 (2024).","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"6","key":"57426_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0045","volume":"35","author":"P Eslami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eslami, P. et al. Global perspective on pediatric growth hormone registries: a systematic review. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 35 (6), 709\u2013726 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"57426_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864908","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.864908","volume":"13","author":"J Yuan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yuan, J. et al. A randomized controlled phase 3 study on the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone in children with idiopathic short stature. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 864908 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"57426_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R212","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0099","volume":"7","author":"WF Blum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blum, W. F. et al. The growth hormone\u2013insulin-like growth factor-I axis in the diagnosis and treatment of growth disorders. Endocr. connections. 7 (6), R212\u2013R22 (2018).","journal-title":"Endocr. connections"},{"key":"57426_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Deodati, A. & Cianfarani,. Impact of growth hormone therapy on adult height of children with idiopathic short stature: systematic review. BMJ https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.c7157 (2011).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7157"},{"key":"57426_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Effect of substitutive growth hormone therapy on myopia control among Chinese children. Asia-Pacific J. Ophthalmol. 14 (1), 100137 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2025.100137"},{"issue":"11","key":"57426_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0509","volume":"93","author":"P Cohen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cohen, P. et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic short stature: a summary of the Growth Hormone Research Society, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Workshop. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism. 93 (11), 4210\u20134217 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"57426_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1988.tb01082.x","volume":"8","author":"A Beenett","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beenett, A. A method of determining the equivalent powers of the eye and its crystalline lens without resort to phakometry. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 8 (1), 53\u201359 (1988).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"issue":"2","key":"57426_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0111766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111766","volume":"10","author":"X He","year":"2015","unstructured":"He, X. et al. Axial length\/corneal radius ratio: association with refractive state and role on myopia detection combined with visual acuity in Chinese schoolchildren. PLoS One. 10 (2), e0111766 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"57426_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2346206.103","volume":"29","author":"ME Geffner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geffner, M. E., Ranke, M. B. & Wajnrajch, M. P. An overview of growth hormone therapy in pediatric cases documented in the Kabi International Growth Study (Pfizer International Growth Database). Annals Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metabolism. 29 (1), 3\u201311 (2024).","journal-title":"Annals Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"57426_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.8.916","volume":"85","author":"S-W Chang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chang, S-W. et al. The cornea in young myopic adults. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 85 (8), 916\u2013920 (2001).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"57426_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2021.11.031","volume":"238","author":"G Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin, G. et al. Corneal biometric features and their association with axial length in high myopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 238, 45\u201351 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"3","key":"57426_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1159\/000252982","volume":"224","author":"SH Park","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park, S. H., Park, K. H., Kim, J. M. & Choi, C. Y. Relation between axial length and ocular parameters. Ophthalmologica 224 (3), 188\u2013193 (2010).","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"57426_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100112","volume":"13","author":"B Sim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sim, B. et al. Associations of optic nerve head morphology and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with myopic severity and treatment in children. Asia-Pacific J. Ophthalmol. 13 (6), 100112 (2024).","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"4","key":"57426_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.07.007","volume":"126","author":"M-W Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, M-W. et al. Longitudinal changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in high myopia: a prospective, observational study. Ophthalmology 126 (4), 522\u2013528 (2019).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"57426_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06489-w","volume":"12","author":"A Ha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ha, A. et al. Longitudinal changes of circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness profile during childhood myopia progression. Sci. Rep. 12 (1), 2555 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"57426_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.12.023","volume":"113","author":"DH Bourla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bourla, D. H. et al. Insulinlike growth factor I affects ocular development: a study of untreated and treated patients with Laron syndrome. Ophthalmology 113 (7), 1197 (2006). e1-. e5.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"57426_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000085732","volume":"219","author":"F Parentin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parentin, F. & Perissutti, P. Congenital growth hormone deficiency and eye refraction: a longitudinal study. Ophthalmologica 219 (4), 226\u2013231 (2005).","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"57426_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319568","volume":"107","author":"A Ducloux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ducloux, A. et al. Progression of myopia in teenagers and adults: a nationwide longitudinal study of a prevalent cohort. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 107 (5), 644\u2013649 (2023).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"57426_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316234","volume":"106","author":"JR Polling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Polling, J. R., Klaver, C. & Tideman, J. W. Myopia progression from wearing first glasses to adult age: the DREAM Study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 106 (6), 820\u2013824 (2022).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"7","key":"57426_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000683","volume":"26","author":"JP Goh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goh, J. P., Koh, V., Chan, Y. H. & Ngo, C. Macular ganglion cell and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in children with refractive errors\u2014an optical coherence tomography study. J. Glaucoma 26(7), 619\u201325 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"issue":"5","key":"57426_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314537","volume":"104","author":"MW Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee, M. W. et al. Longitudinal changes in the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness in high myopia: a prospective observational study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 104(5), 604\u20139 (2020).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"57426_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-018-0940-x","volume":"18","author":"E Larsson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larsson, E., Molnar, A. & Holmstr\u00f6m, G. Repeatability, reproducibility and interocular difference in the assessments of optic nerve OCT in children\u2013a Swedish population-based study. BMC Ophthalmol. 18 (1), 270 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57426-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57426-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57426-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:03:24Z","timestamp":1788523404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57426-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-57426-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"27740"}}