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The present study aimed to investigate the association between smoking and HDL\u2011cholesterol (HDL\u2011C) concentration, as well as the cholesterol distribution between different HDL subfractions, and other lipid parameters, including total cholesterol (TC), low\u2011density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL\u2011C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100), and the TG\/HDL\u2011C and ApoB100\/ApoAI ratios, in a Hungarian cohort of 314 (137 nonsmokers and 177 smokers). HDL\u2011associated cholesterol was fractionated into ten electrophoretic subfractions (HDL\u20111 to HDL\u201110) and three subclasses (HDL\u2011L, HDL\u2011I, HDL\u2011S) using the Lipoprint\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    HDL system. Smoking exposure was characterized using five indicators: current smoking status, cigarettes per day (CPD), duration of smoking (DoS), pack\u2011years, and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI). Multiple regression models were applied, and significance was defined as\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 after Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction. All smoking\u2011related indicators were associated with a decrease in the cholesterol content of HDL subfractions. The strongest associations were observed for HDL\u20114, HDL\u20115, HDL\u20116, and HDL\u20117 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001\u20130.033), as well as for the HDL\u2011I subclass (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Regarding the broader lipid profile, all indicators were significantly associated with lower HDL\u2011C (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and ApoAI (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001\u20130.003), and higher TG (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012\u20130.036), TG\/HDL\u2011C ratio (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001\u20130.004), and ApoB100\/ApoAI ratio (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001\u20130.015). In conclusion, smoking significantly reduces the cholesterol content of HDL subfractions, particularly within HDL\u20114 to HDL\u20117 and the HDL\u2011I subclass. Although total cholesterol levels were not significantly altered, smoking induced an atherogenic shift in lipid composition by lowering HDL\u2011C and increasing TG levels, which may contribute to or accelerate the development of atherosclerosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57573-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:36:39Z","timestamp":1781192199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dose\u2011dependent association of smoking exposure with HDL subfraction cholesterol content"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Pik\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"P\u00e1l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Sz\u00fccs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"Seres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"Paragh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00f3za","family":"\u00c1d\u00e1ny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10292","key":"57573_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","volume":"397","author":"GBDT Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"Collaborators, G. 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