{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:46:40Z","timestamp":1782730000235,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the colleges and universities of Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention","award":["HN2020GXAF410124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HN2020GXAF410124"]}]},{"name":"the training program for young backbone teachers in colleges and universities in Henan Province","award":["2019GGJS021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019GGJS021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57574-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T19:04:39Z","timestamp":1781204679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatio-temporal clustering characteristics of hepatitis B in China: an 18-year study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mengge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuancang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"57574_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.18.219469","volume":"97","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, J. et al. Countdown to 2030: Eliminating hepatitis B disease, China. Bull. World Health Organ. 97(3), 230\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.18.219469 (2019).","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"57574_CR2","unstructured":"News W H O. Hepatitis can\u2019t wait\u2014WHO commemorates World Hepatitis Day 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/28-07-2021-hepatitis-can-t-wait---who-commemorates-world-hepatitis-day-2021. (2021)."},{"issue":"8","key":"57574_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045630","volume":"11","author":"T Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, T. et al. Public awareness and influencing factors regarding hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Chongqing municipality and Chengdu City, China: A cross-sectional study with community residents. BMJ Open 11(8), e045630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045630 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"23","key":"57574_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000001791","volume":"134","author":"J Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, J., Luo, Y. Q. & Zhou, Y. H. Elimination of hepatitis B virus infection in children: Experience and challenge in China. Chin. Med. J. 134(23), 2818\u20132824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/cm9.0000000000001791 (2021).","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"issue":"10130","key":"57574_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)30499-9","volume":"391","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. The hepatitis B epidemic in China should receive more attention. Lancet (London, England) 391(10130), 1572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)30499-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"57574_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12482","volume":"23","author":"S Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, S. et al. Annual economic burden of hepatitis B virus-related diseases among hospitalized patients in twelve cities in China. J. Viral Hepatitis 23(3), 202\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.12482 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepatitis"},{"key":"57574_CR7","volume-title":"China Health Statistical Yearbook (2019\u20132021)","author":"National Health Commission of China","year":"2021","unstructured":"National Health Commission of China. China Health Statistical Yearbook (2019\u20132021) (China Statistics Press, 2021)."},{"key":"57574_CR8","unstructured":"Kuldorff, M. SaTScan TM User Guide for version 10.1. (2022)."},{"issue":"1","key":"57574_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-021-00286-w","volume":"20","author":"S Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, S., Moon, J. & Jung, I. Optimizing the maximum reported cluster size in the spatial scan statistic for survival data. Int. J. Health Geogr. 20(1), 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12942-021-00286-w (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"issue":"1","key":"57574_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0056-6","volume":"15","author":"J Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han, J. et al. Using Gini coefficient to determining optimal cluster reporting sizes for spatial scan statistics. Int. J. Health Geogr. 15(1), 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12942-016-0056-6 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"issue":"5","key":"57574_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa134","volume":"72","author":"S Nayagam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nayagam, S. et al. Investment Case for a comprehensive package of interventions against hepatitis B in China: Applied modeling to help National Strategy Planning. Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 72(5), 743\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa134 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"10","key":"57574_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1928461","volume":"17","author":"X Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, X. et al. Analysis of epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B virus among people under 29 years of age in Jiangsu Province, China. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 17(10), 3729\u20133734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2021.1928461 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"issue":"6","key":"57574_CR13","first-page":"1534","volume":"11","author":"X Liao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liao, X. & Liang, Z. Strategy vaccination against Hepatitis B in China. Hum Vaccin. Immunother. 11(6), 1534\u20131539 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin. Immunother."},{"issue":"4","key":"57574_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040661","volume":"15","author":"B Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu, B. et al. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of viral hepatitis in China (2003\u20132015): Implications for prevention and control policies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 15(4), 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15040661 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"05","key":"57574_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.16462\/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2022.05.009","volume":"26","author":"JJ He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, J. J., Yuan, L. & Wu, C. Temporal-spatial distribution of AIDS epidemic in China, 2010\u20132019. Chin. J. Dis. Control Prevent. 26(05), 541\u2013546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.16462\/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2022.05.009 (2022) (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dis. Control Prevent."},{"key":"57574_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879289","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.879289","volume":"10","author":"D Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, D. et al. Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health 10, 879289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.879289 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"57574_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234660","volume":"15","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng, Y. et al. A comparative study of two methods to predict the incidence of hepatitis B in Guangxi, China. PLoS ONE 15(6), e0234660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0234660 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"57574_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2010.00670.x","volume":"35","author":"C Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Hepatitis B immunisation leads to the decline of hepatitis B virus prevalence in Gansu province, China. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 35(1), 91\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2010.00670.x (2011).","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"57574_CR19","unstructured":"Tan, L. Y. Risk of viral hepatitis in different regions of China and its influencing factors. Chin. General Pract. 16 (32), 3065\u20133068 (in Chinese)"},{"issue":"2","key":"57574_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2020092","volume":"17","author":"TL Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, T. L. et al. Mathematical analysis and simulation of a Hepatitis B model with time delay: A case study for Xinjiang, China. Math. Biosci. Eng. 17(2), 1757\u20131775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/mbe.2020092 (2019).","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"57574_CR21","first-page":"392","volume":"32","author":"XH Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, X. H., Wang, H. Y. & Liu, Y. C. Characteristics of patients and their medical cost on 14,398 hospitalized patients suffered, from hepatitis B from a hospital of infectious diseases located in Beijing. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 32(4), 392\u2013395 (2011) (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"57574_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2019.01.002","volume":"27","author":"DC Cai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cai, D. C. & Ren, H. China\u2019s hepatitis B burden and expectation on 40 years of trials and tribulations. Chin. J. Hepatol. 27(1), 3\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2019.01.002 (2019) (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hepatol."},{"key":"57574_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020231","author":"T Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, T. et al. Barriers to the prevention and control of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in the community of Southwestern China: A qualitative research. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16020231 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"57574_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14162","volume":"57","author":"Z Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao, Z. et al. A 30-year systematic review and meta-analysis of hepatitis B virus among blood donors in mainland China: Revealing increase of new threats. Transfusion 57(8), 1988\u20131997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.14162 (2017).","journal-title":"Transfusion"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57574-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57574-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57574-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:09:10Z","timestamp":1782727750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57574-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-57574-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"19766"}}