{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:51:11Z","timestamp":1791247871719,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ9\/01065 and 2023\/51\/B\/NZ9\/01165."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ9\/01065 and 2023\/51\/B\/NZ9\/01165."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57690-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:04:32Z","timestamp":1783357472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dysregulation of miRNA expression and 3\u2032UTR length variation in target mRNAs in the testes of dogs with cryptorchidism"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Nowacka-Woszuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Kajdasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Stachowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Szczerbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Switonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"57690_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krzeminska, P. Exploring testicular descent: Recent findings and future prospects in canine cryptorchidism. Sex. Dev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000542245 (2024).","DOI":"10.1159\/000542245"},{"key":"57690_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420320108","volume":"32","author":"HM Hayes","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hayes, H. M., Wilson, G. P., Pendergrass, T. W. & Cox, V. S. Canine cryptorchism and subsequent testicular neoplasia: Case-control study with epidemiologic update. Teratology 32, 51\u201356 (1985).","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"57690_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.16.502","volume":"152","author":"D Yates","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yates, D., Hayes, G., Heffernan, M. & Beynon, R. Incidence of cryptorchidism in dogs and cats. Vet. Rec. 152, 502\u2013504 (2003).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"57690_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2025.100961","volume":"65","author":"SE Cho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cho, S. E., Fudge, J. M., Kim, S., Page, B. & Yu, D. Cryptorchidism in dogs and cats presented for elective gonadectomy: A descriptive cohort study of 306 animals treated between 2018 and 2023. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 65, 100961 (2025).","journal-title":"Top. Companion Anim. Med."},{"key":"57690_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1592416","volume":"26","author":"J Barthold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barthold, J., Reinhardt, S. & Thorup, J. Genetic, maternal, and environmental risk factors for cryptorchidism: An update. Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg. 26, 399\u2013408 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"57690_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116825","volume":"236","author":"A Thacharodi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thacharodi, A. et al. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and their effects on the reproductive health in men. Environ. Res. 236, 116825 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"57690_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioae075","volume":"111","author":"S Soto-Heras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soto-Heras, S. et al. Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer in the dog: Unresolved questions and challenges in translating insights from human studies. Biol. Reprod. 111, 269\u2013291 (2024).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"57690_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stachowiak, M. et al. A massive alteration of gene expression in undescended testicles of dogs and the association of KAT6A variants with cryptorchidism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 121, e2312724121 (2024).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312724121"},{"key":"57690_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261085","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1261085","volume":"10","author":"MS Varvil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Varvil, M. S. & Dos Santos, A. P. A review on microRNA detection and expression studies in dogs. Front. Vet. Sci. 10, 1261085 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"57690_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.10.003","volume":"83","author":"VR Kasimanickam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasimanickam, V. R. & Kasimanickam, R. K. Differential expression of microRNAs in sexually immature and mature canine testes. Theriogenology 83, 394\u2013398e1 (2015).","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"57690_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2023.104961","volume":"162","author":"G Pizzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pizzi, G. et al. MicroRNA as epigenetic regulators of canine cryptorchidism. Res. Vet. Sci. 162, 104961 (2023).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"57690_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081390","volume":"13","author":"EP Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, E. P., Shin, J. H., Kim, W. H. & Kim, G. A. Integrated miRNA changes in canine testis and epididymis according to age and presence of cryptorchidism. Animals 13, 1390 (2023).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"57690_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111560","volume":"9","author":"E Navarro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Navarro, E., Mall\u00e9n, A. & Hueso, M. Dynamic variations of 3\u2032UTR length reprogram the mrna regulatory landscape. Biomedicines 9, 1560 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"57690_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1142","volume":"52","author":"C Diener","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diener, C., Keller, A. & Meese, E. The miRNA\u2013target interactions: An underestimated intricacy. Nucleic Acids Res. 52, 1544\u20131557 (2024).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"57690_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.01.006","volume":"113","author":"W Ge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ge, W. et al. Global 3\u2019UTR shortening and down-regulation of repeated element related piRNA play crucial roles in boys with cryptorchidism. Genomics 113, 633\u2013645 (2021).","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"57690_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005879","volume":"12","author":"Y Hoffman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoffman, Y. et al. 3\u2032UTR shortening potentiates MicroRNA-based repression of pro-differentiation genes in proliferating human cells. PLoS Genet. 12, e1005879 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"57690_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16959-2","volume":"11","author":"LC Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng, L. C. et al. Widespread transcript shortening through alternative polyadenylation in secretory cell differentiation. Nat. Commun. 11, 3182 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"57690_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1198","volume":"62","author":"ALJ Nielen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nielen, A. L. J., Janss, L. L. G. & Knol, B. W. Heritability estimations for diseases, coat color, body weight, and height in a birth cohort of Boxers. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62, 1198\u20131206 (2001).","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"57690_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.10.023","volume":"87","author":"V Tateo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tateo, V. et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for testicular cancer: A systematic review. Eur. Urol. 87, 427\u2013441 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"57690_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7305","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157305","volume":"26","author":"S Anjum","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anjum, S., Khurshid, Y., Du Plessis, S. S. & Omolaoye, T. S. Unmasking the epigenome: Insights into testicular cell dynamics and reproductive function. IJMS 26, 7305 (2025).","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"57690_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-023-00199-7","volume":"33","author":"F Hadziselimovic","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hadziselimovic, F., Verkauskas, G. & Stadler, M. B. Epigenetics, cryptorchidism, and infertility. Basic Clin. Androl. 33, 24 (2023).","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Androl."},{"key":"57690_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.08.029","volume":"157","author":"J Nowacka-Woszuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowacka-Woszuk, J. et al. Analysis of transcript and methylation levels of INSL3 and RXFP2 in undescended and descended dog testes suggested promising biomarkers associated with cryptorchidism. Theriogenology 157, 483\u2013489 (2020).","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"57690_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"030006052199995","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060521999950","volume":"49","author":"H Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia, H. & Hao, C. Exploring dysregulated miRNAs in cryptorchidism: A systematic review. J. Int. Med. Res. 49, 0300060521999950 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"57690_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12050957","volume":"12","author":"F Viehweger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Viehweger, F. et al. Frequency of androgen receptor positivity in tumors: A study evaluating more than 18,000 tumors. Biomedicines 12, 957 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"57690_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1393","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2838","volume":"98","author":"MF Azevedo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azevedo, M. F. et al. Cyclic AMP and c-KIT signaling in familial testicular germ cell tumor predisposition. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Meta. 98, E1393\u2013E1400 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabolism"},{"key":"57690_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2024.2361796","volume":"29","author":"N Lakpour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lakpour, N. et al. Higher expression of SALL4-A isoform is correlated with worse outcomes and progression of the disease in subtype of testicular germ cell tumours. Biomarkers 29, 324\u2013339 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"57690_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20846-8","volume":"8","author":"MK Das","year":"2018","unstructured":"Das, M. K., Furu, K., Evensen, H. F., Haugen, \u00d8. P. & Haugen, T. B. Knockdown of SPRY4 and SPRY4-IT1 inhibits cell growth and phosphorylation of Akt in human testicular germ cell tumours. Sci. Rep. 8, 2462 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"57690_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5008","volume":"244","author":"J Selfe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selfe, J. et al. IGF1R signalling in testicular germ cell tumour cells impacts on cell survival and acquired cisplatin resistance. J. Pathol. 244, 242\u2013253 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"57690_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2023.2275109","volume":"20","author":"L Gallicchio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gallicchio, L., Olivares, G. H., Berry, C. W. & Fuller, M. T. Regulation and function of alternative polyadenylation in development and differentiation. RNA Biol. 20, 908\u2013925 (2023).","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"57690_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Huang, Z., Lu, W. & Liu, Z. Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation: Key regulatory mechanisms in health and disease. RNA Biol. 22, 1\u201333 (2025).","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"57690_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02980-z","volume":"9","author":"I Vainberg Slutskin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vainberg Slutskin, I., Weingarten-Gabbay, S., Nir, R., Weinberger, A. & Segal, E. Unraveling the determinants of microRNA mediated regulation using a massively parallel reporter assay. Nat. Commun. 9, 529 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"57690_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00507-5","volume":"23","author":"S Mitschka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mitschka, S. & Mayr, C. Context-specific regulation and function of mRNA alternative polyadenylation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 779\u2013796 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"57690_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Martino, M., Chieffi, P. & Esposito, F. miRNAs and biomarkers in testicular germ cell tumors: An update. IJMS 22, 1380 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031380"},{"key":"57690_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574977","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.574977","volume":"10","author":"J Burton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burton, J. et al. Serum RNA profiling in the 10-years period prior to diagnosis of testicular germ cell tumor. Front. Oncol. 10, 574977 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"57690_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.140.4.737","volume":"140","author":"HY Wang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wang, H. Y. et al. SRPK2: A differentially expressed SR protein-specific kinase involved in mediating the interaction and localization of pre-mRNA splicing factors in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 140, 737\u2013750 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"57690_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, N., Yu, K., Huang, D., Zhu, X. & Lin, Z. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals the regulatory functions of copines family genes in testicular cancer progression. EMIDDT 25, e18715303375462 (2025).","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715303375462250430055914"},{"key":"57690_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2023.101826","volume":"33","author":"MS Akhtar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akhtar, M. S. LATS in cancer repression: Extracting its role in hippo pathway and beyond. Gene Rep. 33, 101826 (2023).","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"57690_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.037","volume":"124","author":"PM Voorhoeve","year":"2006","unstructured":"Voorhoeve, P. M. et al. A Genetic screen implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 as oncogenes in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell 124, 1169\u20131181 (2006).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"57690_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-025-00254-5","volume":"35","author":"P T\u00f6rzs\u00f6k","year":"2025","unstructured":"T\u00f6rzs\u00f6k, P. et al. Biological and therapeutic implications of sex hormone-related gene clustering in testicular cancer. Basic Clin. Androl. 35, 8 (2025).","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Androl."},{"key":"57690_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222594","volume":"12","author":"C Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, C. & Hardy, P. The multifunctional nature of the microRNA\/AKT3 regulatory axis in human cancers. Cells 12, 2594 (2023).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"57690_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav1741","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav1741","volume":"366","author":"SE McGeary","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGeary, S. E. et al. The biochemical basis of microRNA targeting efficacy. Science 366, eaav1741 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"57690_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.12.035","volume":"120","author":"BP Lewis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lewis, B. P., Burge, C. B. & Bartel, D. P. Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are MicroRNA targets. Cell 120, 15\u201320 (2005).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"57690_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","volume":"29","author":"A Dobin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dobin, A. et al. STAR: Ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics 29, 15\u201321 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"57690_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6274","volume":"5","author":"Z Xia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xia, Z. et al. Dynamic analyses of alternative polyadenylation from RNA-seq reveal a 3\u2032-UTR landscape across seven tumour types. Nat. Commun. 5, 5274 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"57690_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13261","volume":"510","author":"CP Masamha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Masamha, C. P. et al. CFIm25 links alternative polyadenylation to glioblastoma tumour suppression. Nature 510, 412\u2013416 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"D1","key":"57690_CR46","first-page":"D174","volume":"48","author":"CJ Herrmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herrmann, C. J. et al. PolyASite 2.0: A consolidated atlas of polyadenylation sites from 3\u2032 end sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 48(D1), D174\u2013D179 (2020).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"57690_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","volume":"4","author":"DW Huang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huang, D. W., Sherman, B. T. & Lempicki, R. A. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat. Protoc. 4, 44\u201357 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"57690_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W216","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac194","volume":"50","author":"BT Sherman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherman, B. T. et al. DAVID: A web server for functional enrichment analysis and functional annotation of gene lists (2021 update). Nucleic Acids Res. 50, W216\u2013W221 (2022).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57690-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57690-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57690-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:55:51Z","timestamp":1791244551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-57690-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["57690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-57690-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Castration was performed at veterinary clinics located in western Poland in accordance with standard veterinary protocols and with the owners\u2019 informed consent. According to Polish law regulating the use of animals for scientific purposes, the collection and use of discarded clinical material do not require ethics approval. Therefore, this study was formally exempted from ethical review by the Local Bioethical Commission for Animal Care and Use in Pozna\u0144, Poland (Lokalna Komisja Etyczna ds. Do\u015bwiadcze\u0144 na Zwierz\u0119tach w Poznaniu). All procedures complied with relevant national regulations and Directive 2010\/63\/EU.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"31049"}}