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For the IQ-OTH\/NCCD Lung Cancer Dataset, ethics approval and waiver of informed consent were granted by the Institutional Review Board of the Iraq-Oncology Teaching Hospital\/National Center for Cancer Diseases (IQ-OTH\/NCCD), Baghdad, Iraq. No additional ethical approval was required for the publicly available Chest CT-Scan Images Dataset because the data were already anonymized and released for research use.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve animal experiments. The human imaging data used in the study were obtained from publicly available, fully de-identified datasets. 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