{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:19:24Z","timestamp":1788308364086,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":78,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022CFB486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hubei University of Chinese Medicine","award":["2022ZZXT003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZZXT003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-58045-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T04:06:36Z","timestamp":1781582796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microplastics in nucleus pulposus tissue of humans revealed by Raman mosaic imaging screening"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhaoxiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongzeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengwu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingliang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yishu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xugui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7760-2382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuna","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"58045_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba3656","volume":"369","author":"SB Borrelle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borrelle, S. B. et al. Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science 369, 1515\u20131518 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"58045_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125077","volume":"363","author":"S Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar, S. et al. Combating micro\/nano plastic pollution with bioplastic: Sustainable food packaging, challenges, and future perspectives. Environ. Pollut. 363, 125077 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"58045_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138367","volume":"325","author":"TA Kurniawan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurniawan, T. A. et al. Source, occurrence, distribution, fate, and implications of microplastic pollutants in freshwater on environment: A critical review and way forward. Chemosphere 325, 138367 (2023).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"58045_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117308","volume":"168","author":"H Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi, H. et al. Small plastic fragments: A bridge between large plastic debris and micro- & nano-plastics. TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem. 168, 117308 (2023).","journal-title":"TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"58045_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108150","volume":"179","author":"G Zuri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zuri, G., Karanasiou, A., Lacorte, S. & Microplastics Human exposure assessment through air, water, and food. Environ. Int. 179, 108150 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"58045_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-024-01624-0","volume":"18","author":"MA Bhat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhat, M. A. & Gaga, E. O. Unveiling the invisible: first discovery of micro- and nanoplastic size segregation in indoor commercial markets using a cascade impactor. Air Qual. Atmos. Health. 18, 1\u201313 (2025).","journal-title":"Air Qual. Atmos. Health"},{"key":"58045_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154907","volume":"831","author":"LC Jenner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jenner, L. C. et al. Detection of microplastics in human lung tissue using \u00b5FTIR spectroscopy. Sci. Total Environ. 831, 154907 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"58045_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01560-4","volume":"21","author":"M Cetin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cetin, M. et al. Higher number of microplastics in tumoral colon tissues from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Environ. Chem. Lett. 21, 639\u2013646 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"58045_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","volume":"146","author":"A Ragusa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ragusa, A. et al. Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta. Environ. Int. 146, 106274 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"58045_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108444","volume":"184","author":"S Massardo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Massardo, S. et al. MicroRaman spectroscopy detects the presence of microplastics in human urine and kidney tissue. Environ. Int. 184, 108444 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"58045_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2022.09.004","volume":"49","author":"D Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, D. et al. Pigment microparticles and microplastics found in human thrombi based on Raman spectral evidence. J. Adv. Res. 49, 141\u2013150 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"58045_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132640","volume":"461","author":"Z Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Identification and analysis of microplastics in human lower limb joints. J. Hazard. Mater. 461, 132640 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"58045_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-023-00273-8","volume":"9","author":"Z Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Z. et al. Human Microplastics Exposure and Potential Health Risks to Target Organs by Different Routes: A Review. Curr. Pollution Rep. 9, 468\u2013485 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Pollution Rep."},{"key":"58045_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000174530.88585.32","volume":"30","author":"A Di Martino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Di Martino, A., Vaccaro, A. R., Lee, J. Y., Denaro, V. & Lim, M. R. Nucleus pulposus replacement: Basic science and indications for clinical use. Spine 30, 16\u201322 (2005).","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"58045_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13057","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13057","volume":"54","author":"G Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, G. et al. NF-\u03baB signalling pathways in nucleus pulposus cell function and intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell. Proliferat. 54, e13057 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell. Proliferat"},{"key":"58045_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174215","volume":"946","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Microplastics in the human body: A comprehensive review of exposure, distribution, migration mechanisms, and toxicity. Sci. Total Environ. 946, 174215 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"58045_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155984","volume":"839","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. Chronic exposure to polyvinyl chloride microplastics induces liver injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis based on the integration of liver transcriptome profiles and full-length 16S rRNA sequencing data. Sci. Total Environ. 839, 155984 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"58045_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15805","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c07933","volume":"56","author":"Y Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng, Y. et al. Long-Term Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Doses of Large Polystyrene Microplastics Disturbs Lipid Homeostasis via Bowel Function Interference. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 15805\u201315817 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"58045_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115417","volume":"264","author":"M Djouina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Djouina, M. et al. Oral exposure to polyethylene microplastics induces inflammatory and metabolic changes and promotes fibrosis in mouse liver. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 264, 115417 (2023).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"58045_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10911","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07179","volume":"57","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Detection of Various Microplastics in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Environ. Sci. Technol. 57, 10911\u201310918 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"58045_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.036","volume":"11","author":"HJ Butler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Butler, H. J. et al. Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials. Nat. Protoc. 11, 664\u2013687 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"58045_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117440","volume":"170","author":"B Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh, B. & Kumar, A. Advances in microplastics detection: A comprehensive review of methodologies and their effectiveness. TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem. 170, 117440 (2024).","journal-title":"TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"58045_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115629","volume":"119","author":"JL Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, J. L., Thomas, K. V., Luo, Z. & Gowen, A. A. FTIR and Raman imaging for microplastics analysis: State of the art, challenges and prospects. TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem. 119, 115629 (2019).","journal-title":"TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"58045_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L. et al. Tissue accumulation of microplastics and potential health risks in human. Sci Total Environ 915, (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170004"},{"key":"58045_CR25","first-page":"1252","volume":"5","author":"A Sharmin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sharmin, A., Bhat, M. A., Martin-Fabiani, I. & Radu, T. Microplastic emissions and degradation mechanisms, in artificial turf systems\u2013analytical detection and future directions. Environ. Science: Adv. 5, 1252\u20131272 (2026).","journal-title":"Environ. Science: Adv."},{"key":"58045_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.113101","volume":"173","author":"YK Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song, Y. K., Hong, S. H., Eo, S. & Shim, W. J. A comparison of spectroscopic analysis methods for microplastics: Manual, semi-automated, and automated fourier transform infrared and raman techniques. Mar. Pollut Bull. 173, 113101 (2021).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut Bull."},{"key":"58045_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156804","volume":"842","author":"T Tsering","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsering, T., Viitala, M., Hyvoenen, M., Reinikainen, S. & Maenttaeri, M. The assessment of particle selection and blank correction to enhance the analysis of microplastics with Raman microspectroscopy. Sci. Total Environ. 842, 156804 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"58045_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.10.051","volume":"113","author":"L Fr\u00e8re","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fr\u00e8re, L. et al. A semi-automated raman micro-spectroscopy method for morphological and chemical characterizations of microplastic litter. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 113, 461\u2013468 (2016).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"58045_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12599","volume":"59","author":"C Rauert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rauert, C. et al. Assessing the Efficacy of Pyrolysis\u2013Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry for Nanoplastic and Microplastic Analysis in Human Blood. Environ. Sci. Technol. 59, 1984\u20131994 (2025).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"58045_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12345-3","volume":"196","author":"M Bhat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhat, M., Gaga, E. & Gedik, K. How can contamination be prevented during laboratory analysis of atmospheric samples for microplastics? Environ. Monit. Assess. 196, 159 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"58045_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8732","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05445","volume":"92","author":"JM Levermore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levermore, J. M., Smith, T. E., Kelly, F. J. & Wright, S. L. Detection of microplastics in ambient particulate matter using raman spectral imaging and chemometric analysis. Anal. Chem. 92, 8732\u20138740 (2020).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"58045_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12158","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c01551","volume":"56","author":"D Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, D. et al. Alcohol Pretreatment to Eliminate the Interference of Micro Additive Particles in the Identification of Microplastics Using Raman Spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 12158\u201312168 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"58045_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117016","volume":"161","author":"G Malafaia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Malafaia, G. & Barcel\u00f3, D. Microplastics in human samples: Recent advances, hot-spots, and analytical challenges. Trac-Trend Anal. Chem. 161, 117016 (2023).","journal-title":"Trac-Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"58045_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2026.117210","volume":"222","author":"S Rashid","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rashid, S. et al. Methodological advances in microplastic research: detection, isolation, and analytical characterization. Microchem. J. 222, 117210 (2026).","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"58045_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01525-7","volume":"21","author":"Z Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Hu, B. & Wang, H. Analytical methods for microplastics in the environment: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 21, 383\u2013401 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"58045_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04671-1","volume":"415","author":"ME Seeley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seeley, M. E. & Lynch, J. M. Previous successes and untapped potential of pyrolysis\u2013GC\/MS for the analysis of plastic pollution. Anal. Bioanal Chem. 415, 2873\u20132890 (2023).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal Chem."},{"key":"58045_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2025.118270","volume":"189","author":"Q Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Q., Bai, Q., Yu, S., Liu, R. & Liu, J. Advances and challenges in the determination of micro- and nano-plastics by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem. 189, 118270 (2025).","journal-title":"TrAC-Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"58045_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122055","volume":"261","author":"J Lykkemark","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lykkemark, J. et al. Py\u2013GC\u2013MS analysis for microplastics: Unlocking matrix challenges and sample recovery when analyzing wastewater for polypropylene and polystyrene. Water Res. 261, 122055 (2024).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"58045_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11886","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.1c00178","volume":"121","author":"NP Ivleva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivleva, N. P. Chemical Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods, and Perspectives. Chem. Rev. 121, 11886\u201311936 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"58045_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.011","volume":"129","author":"D Schymanski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schymanski, D., Goldbeck, C., Humpf, H. U. & F\u00fcrst, P. Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water. Water Res. 129, 154\u2013162 (2018).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"58045_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.10.051","volume":"113","author":"L","year":"2016","unstructured":"L. A semi-automated Raman micro-spectroscopy method for morphological and chemical characterizations of microplastic litter. Mar. Pollut Bull. 113, 461\u2013468 (2016).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut Bull."},{"key":"58045_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-020-00061-y","volume":"1","author":"M Trainic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trainic, M. et al. Airborne microplastic particles detected in the remote marine atmosphere. Commun. Earth Environ. 1, 64 (2020).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"58045_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110988","volume":"204","author":"T Maupas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maupas, T. et al. Raman imaging spectroscopic solutions for microplastics advanced analysis: Insights from Choqueyapu river basin (La Paz, Bolivia). Microchem J. 204, 110988 (2024).","journal-title":"Microchem J."},{"key":"58045_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12467-y","volume":"28","author":"M Pittroff","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pittroff, M. et al. Microplastic analysis in drinking water based on fractionated filtration sampling and Raman microspectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. 28, 59439\u201359451 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res."},{"key":"58045_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164878","volume":"893","author":"D Debraj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Debraj, D. & Lavanya, M. Microplastics everywhere: A review on existing methods of extraction. Sci. Total Environ. 893, 164878 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"58045_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135266","volume":"477","author":"X Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, X. et al. Discovery and analysis of microplastics in human bone marrow. J. Hazard. Mater. 477, 135266 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"58045_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109316","volume":"196","author":"Q Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, Q. et al. Microplastics in human skeletal tissues: Presence, distribution and health implications. Environ. Int. 196, 109316 (2025).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"58045_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.117950","volume":"292","author":"W Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Polyethylene microplastics promote nucleus pulposus cell senescence by inducing oxidative stress via TLR4\/NOX2 axis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 292, 117950 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"58045_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.122141","volume":"334","author":"N Kumari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kumari, N., Yadav, D. K., Yasha, Khan, P. K. & Kumar, R. Occurrence of plastics and their characterization in wild caught fish species (Labeo rohita, Wallago attu and Mystus tengara) of River Ganga (India) compared to a commercially cultured species (L. rohita). Environ. Pollut. 334, 122141 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut"},{"key":"58045_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-023-05168-1","volume":"21","author":"D Saad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saad, D., Ndlovu, M., Ramaremisa, G., Tutu, H. & Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4, M. Characteristics of microplastics in sediment of the Vaal River, South Africa: implications on bioavailability and toxicity. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 43\u201350 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"58045_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.10.022","volume":"6","author":"P Wo\u017aniak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, P. et al. Candidate bone-tissue-engineered product based on human-bone-derived cells and polyurethane scaffold. Acta Biomater. 6, 2484\u20132493 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"58045_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126124","volume":"416","author":"LF Amato-Louren\u00e7o","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amato-Louren\u00e7o, L. F. et al. Presence of airborne microplastics in human lung tissue. J. Hazard. Mater. 416, 126124 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"58045_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10482","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c01541","volume":"58","author":"X Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin, X. et al. Potential Invasion Pathways, and Reproductive Health Risks of Microplastics Detected in Human Uterus. Environ. Sci. Technol. 58, 10482\u201310493 (2024). Features.","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"58045_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108751","volume":"188","author":"VL Leonard","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leonard, V. L. Microplastics in human blood: Polymer types, concentrations and characterisation using \u00b5FTIR. Environ. Int. 188, 108751 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"58045_CR55","first-page":"100191","volume":"13","author":"J Kodama","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kodama, J., Wilkinson, K. J. & Otsuru, S. Nutrient metabolism of the nucleus pulposus: A literature review. N Am. Spine Soc. J. 13, 100191 (2023).","journal-title":"N Am. Spine Soc. J."},{"key":"58045_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.08.014","volume":"24","author":"P Priyadarshani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Priyadarshani, P., Li, Y. & Yao, L. Advances in biological therapy for nucleus pulposus regeneration. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 24, 206\u2013212 (2016).","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"58045_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03329-8","volume":"21","author":"C Qiu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qiu, C. et al. Differential proteomic analysis of fetal and geriatric lumbar nucleus pulposus: Immunoinflammation and age-related intervertebral disc degeneration. BMC Musculoskel Dis. 21, 339 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskel Dis."},{"key":"58045_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070921","volume":"13","author":"T Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun, T. et al. Detection of Microplastic in Human Placenta and Meconium in a Clinical Setting. Pharmaceutics 13, 921 (2021).","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58045-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58045-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58045-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:03:20Z","timestamp":1788307400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58045-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["58045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-58045-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wuhan Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Orthopedic Hospital (Approval No. 672HREC20240521-L07; Approval Date: May 21, 2024).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Ethical approval<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Before performing the study and sampling, all the study participants (patients) provided their written informed consent to be included in this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Consent to participate<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Before performing the study and sampling, all the study participants (patients) provided their written informed consent to be included in this research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"27441"}}