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Radionuclides emitting short-range beta or alpha particles have previously been the primary focus. TRT approaches utilizing low-energy electrons, such as Auger and internal conversion electrons, have attracted interest because of their highly localized tumor-killing potential.\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ce is an imaging surrogate in the form of a\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ce\/\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    La pair for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in\n                    <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ac targeted alpha therapy, and it has recently exhibited promising therapeutic properties. This study employs TOPAS-nBio, a Monte Carlo simulation tool, to investigate the radiation damage effects of\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ce from dosimetric and DNA-scale perspectives. The DNA damage yield analysis incorporates both physical and chemical processes. In the water sphere geometry, the overall dose contribution of\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ce shows patterns generally similar to those of other Auger-emitting radionuclides, and\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ce shows damage yields per decay close to those of\n                    <jats:sup>161<\/jats:sup>\n                    Tb on the DNA scale. Although\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ce induces fewer DNA double-strand breaks per decay in the nucleus than\n                    <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                    I and\n                    <jats:sup>161<\/jats:sup>\n                    Tb, it exhibits a higher double-strand break yield when normalized to absorbed dose. Such damage outcome predictions suggest that further research on radionuclide therapy using\n                    <jats:sup>134<\/jats:sup>\n                    Ce is worthwhile.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-58223-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T09:06:34Z","timestamp":1782032794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of radiation damage effects of low-energy Auger and conversion electrons emitted by 134Ce decay using a Monte Carlo method"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sangho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonku","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deokseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungwook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonsuk","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kondapa Naidu","family":"Bobba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert R.","family":"Flavell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyuseong","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"58223_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-025-01069-z","volume":"22","author":"I Primac","year":"2025","unstructured":"Primac, I., Tabury, K., Tasdogan, A., Baatout, S. & Herrmann, K. 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