{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:01:43Z","timestamp":1790294503975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea government"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003561","name":"Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-58856-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:08:30Z","timestamp":1782760110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The leg-swing interface: a novel approach to seated VR locomotion with balanced immersion and physical load"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sung-Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho-Taek","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"58856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102648","volume":"152","author":"W Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, W. & Xiong, S. User-defined walking-in-place gestures for vr locomotion. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 152, 102648 (2021).","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"58856_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2022.3179269","volume":"29","author":"L Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan, L., Li, H. & Shi, M. Redirected walking for exploring immersive virtual spaces with hmd: a comprehensive review and recent advances. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29, 4104\u20134123 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"58856_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4223","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094223","volume":"11","author":"S Pyo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pyo, S., Lee, H. & Yoon, J. Development of a novel omnidirectional treadmill-based locomotion interface device with running capability. Applied Sciences 11, 4223 (2021).","journal-title":"Applied Sciences"},{"key":"58856_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Riecke, B.\u00a0E., Schiphorst, T. & Neustaedter, C. Perch to fly: Embodied virtual reality flying locomotion with a flexible perching stance. In Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference, 253\u2013264 (2019).","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322357"},{"key":"58856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitson, A., Hashemian, A.\u00a0M., Stepanova, E.\u00a0R., Kruijff, E. & Riecke, B.\u00a0E. In 2017 IEEE Symposium on 3d user interfaces (3DUI), 73\u201382 (IEEE, 2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2017.7893320"},{"key":"58856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10060073","volume":"10","author":"D Zielasko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zielasko, D. & Riecke, B. E. To sit or not to sit in vr: Analyzing influences and (dis) advantages of posture and embodied interaction. Computers 10, 73 (2021).","journal-title":"Computers"},{"issue":"1","key":"58856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2019.2935730","volume":"27","author":"T Nguyen-Vo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen-Vo, T., Riecke, B. E., Stuerzlinger, W., Pham, D.-M. & Kruijff, E. Naviboard and navichair: Limited translation combined with full rotation for efficient virtual locomotion. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 27(1), 165\u2013177 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics"},{"key":"58856_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riecke, B.\u00a0E. & Feuereissen, D. To move or not to move: can active control and user-driven motion cueing enhance self-motion perception (\u201cvection\u201d) in virtual reality? In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on applied perception, 17\u201324 (2012).","DOI":"10.1145\/2338676.2338680"},{"key":"58856_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zielasko, D., Horn, S., Freitag, S., Weyers, B. & Kuhlen, T.\u00a0W. Evaluation of hands-free hmd-based navigation techniques for immersive data analysis. In 2016 IEEE symposium on 3D user interfaces (3DUI), 113\u2013119 (IEEE, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2016.7460040"},{"key":"58856_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, P. & Zhu, K. Larger step faster speed: Investigating gesture-amplitude-based locomotion in place with different virtual walking speed in virtual reality. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), 438\u2013447 (IEEE, 2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/VR50410.2021.00067"},{"key":"58856_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terziman, L. et al. Shake-your-head: Revisiting walking-in-place for desktop virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM symposium on virtual reality software and technology 27\u201334 (2010).","DOI":"10.1145\/1889863.1889867"},{"key":"58856_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20870\/ijvr.2020.20.1.3183","author":"H Cherni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cherni, H., M\u00e9tayer, N. & Souliman, N. Literature review of locomotion techniques in virtual reality. Int. J. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20870\/ijvr.2020.20.1.3183 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Virtual Real."},{"key":"58856_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitson, A., Hashemian, A.\u00a0M., Stepanova, E.\u00a0R., Kruijff, E. & Riecke, B.\u00a0E. Lean into it: exploring leaning-based motion cueing interfaces for virtual reality movement. In 2017 IEEE Virtual Reality (VR), 215\u2013216 (IEEE, 2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2017.7892253"},{"key":"58856_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259977","volume":"16","author":"K Bekta\u015f","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bekta\u015f, K., Thrash, T., van Raai, M. A., K\u00fcnzler, P. & Hahnloser, R. The systematic evaluation of an embodied control interface for virtual reality. Plos one 16, e0259977 (2021).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"58856_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2018.2887379","volume":"26","author":"M Al Zayer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al Zayer, M., MacNeilage, P. & Folmer, E. Virtual locomotion: a survey. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 26, 2315\u20132334 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"58856_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-023-00750-x","author":"Y Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi, Y. et al. Seamless-walk: natural and comfortable virtual reality locomotion method with a high-resolution tactile sensor. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10055-023-00750-x (2023).","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"58856_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"38","author":"Z-C Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong, Z.-C., Fu, X.-M., Yang, Z. & Liu, L. Redirected smooth mappings for multiuser real walking in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Graphics 38, 1\u201317 (2019).","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics"},{"key":"58856_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.289","volume":"18","author":"TC Peck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peck, T. C., Fuchs, H. & Whitton, M. C. The design and evaluation of a large-scale real-walking locomotion interface. IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics 18, 1053\u20131067 (2011).","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics"},{"key":"58856_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565659","volume":"7","author":"SS Chance","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chance, S. S., Gaunet, F., Beall, A. C. & Loomis, J. M. Locomotion mode affects the updating of objects encountered during travel: The contribution of vestibular and proprioceptive inputs to path integration. Presence 7, 168\u2013178 (1998).","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"58856_CR20","unstructured":"Razzaque, S. Redirected walking (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2005)."},{"key":"58856_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1145\/210079.210084","volume":"2","author":"M Slater","year":"1995","unstructured":"Slater, M., Usoh, M. & Steed, A. Taking steps: the influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 2, 201\u2013219 (1995).","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)"},{"key":"58856_CR22","first-page":"123","volume":"2","author":"S Razzaque","year":"2002","unstructured":"Razzaque, S., Swapp, D., Slater, M., Whitton, M. C. & Steed, A. Redirected walking in place. In Egve 2, 123\u2013130 (2002).","journal-title":"Redirected walking in place. In Egve"},{"key":"58856_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Patney, A. & Steinicke, F. Redirected walking in vr. In Real VR\u2013Immersive Digital Reality: How to Import the Real World into Head-Mounted Immersive Displays 285\u2013292 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-41816-8_12"},{"key":"58856_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Ahn, S. C. & Hwang, J.-I. A walking-in-place method for virtual reality using position and orientation tracking. Sensors 18, 2832 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092832"},{"key":"58856_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1162\/105474699566512","volume":"8","author":"JN Templeman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Templeman, J. N., Denbrook, P. S. & Sibert, L. E. Virtual locomotion: Walking in place through virtual environments. Presence 8, 598\u2013617 (1999).","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"58856_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Willich, J., Schmitz, M., M\u00fcller, F., Schmitt, D. & M\u00fchlh\u00e4user, M. Podoportation: Foot-based locomotion in virtual reality. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201314 (2020).","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376626"},{"key":"58856_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-H. et al. A novel approach for virtual locomotion gesture classification: Self-teaching vision transformer for a carpet-type tactile sensor. In 2024 IEEE Conference Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) 461\u2013471 (IEEE, 2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/VR58804.2024.00067"},{"key":"58856_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, L., Mi, T.-W., Hsueh, Z.-H. & Hsu, M.-Y. Seated-walking: A walking-in-place technique for seated vr. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2023 Immersive Pavilion, 1\u20132 (2023).","DOI":"10.1145\/3588027.3595603"},{"key":"58856_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo, Y. et al. Intelligent carpet: Inferring 3d human pose from tactile signals. In 2021 IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 11250\u201311260, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01110 (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01110"},{"key":"58856_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, S.-H. et al. A novel approach for virtual locomotion gesture classification: Self-teaching vision transformer for a carpet-type tactile sensor. In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct), 369\u2013370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00079 (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR-Adjunct60411.2023.00079"},{"key":"58856_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, L., Mi, T.-W., Hsueh, Z.\u00a0H., Huang, Y.-C. & Hsu, M.\u00a0Y. Seated-wip: Enabling walking-in-place locomotion for stationary chairs in confined spaces. In Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1\u201313 (2024).","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642395"},{"key":"58856_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jcde\/qwaa040","volume":"7","author":"JL Soler-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soler-Dom\u00ednguez, J. L., De Juan, C., Contero, M. & Alca\u00f1iz, M. I walk, therefore i am: A multidimensional study on the influence of the locomotion method upon presence in virtual reality. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, 577\u2013590 (2020).","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering"},{"key":"58856_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendt, J.\u00a0D., Whitton, M.\u00a0C. & Brooks, F.\u00a0P. Gud wip: Gait-understanding-driven walking-in-place. In 2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR), 51\u201358 (IEEE, 2010).","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2010.5444812"},{"key":"58856_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feasel, J., Whitton, M.\u00a0C. & Wendt, J.\u00a0D. Llcm-wip: Low-latency, continuous-motion walking-in-place. In 2008 IEEE symposium on 3D user interfaces, 97\u2013104 (IEEE, 2008).","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2008.4476598"},{"key":"58856_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater, M., Usoh, M. & Steed, A. Steps and ladders in virtual reality. In Virtual Reality Software And Technology, 45\u201354 (World Scientific, 1994).","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814350938_0005"},{"key":"58856_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"RS Kennedy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S. & Lilienthal, M. G. Simulator sickness questionnaire: An enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. The international journal of aviation psychology 3, 203\u2013220 (1993).","journal-title":"The international journal of aviation psychology"},{"key":"58856_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603","volume":"10","author":"T Schubert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schubert, T., Friedmann, F. & Regenbrecht, H. The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 10, 266\u2013281 (2001).","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments"},{"key":"58856_CR38","unstructured":"Navaratnam-Blair, F., Wagstaff, K., Miller, G. & Cumberbatch, M. Beyond reality: Virtual and augmented reality report. Tech. Rep. National Research Group (NRG) (2022). Accessed: 2024-09-18."},{"key":"58856_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X. et al. Accurate and fast classification of foot gestures for virtual locomotion. In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR) 178\u2013189 (IEEE, 2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMAR.2019.000-6"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58856-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58856-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58856-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:40:07Z","timestamp":1790293207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-58856-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["58856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-58856-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"29837"}}