{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:50:46Z","timestamp":1792785046786,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Center","award":["2023\/49\/N\/ST5\/03551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/49\/N\/ST5\/03551"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-158719OB-C33 (MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-158719OB-C33 (MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033\/FEDER, UE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2023-151687OB-I00 (MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033, Spain, and by FEDER, UE)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-151687OB-I00 (MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033, Spain, and by FEDER, UE)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["Subvention fund of the Department of Machine Design and Maintenance of AGH University of Krakow (10.000.501.00.130000\/B02)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Subvention fund of the Department of Machine Design and Maintenance of AGH University of Krakow (10.000.501.00.130000\/B02)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ultrasound-assisted micro-arc oxidation (UMAO) offers enhanced control over electrochemical oxidation processes by modifying discharge behavior and mass transport during coating growth. In this study, a Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy was processed by UMAO in calcium\/phosphate-based electrolytes, with and without low-dose selenium incorporation, to elucidate process\u2013structure\u2013property relationships in porous oxide coatings. Selenium was introduced as a minor electrolyte component to investigate its influence on coating formation, interfacial characteristics, and functional performance. The resulting coatings were systematically characterized in terms of surface morphology, chemistry, topography, wettability, mechanical and tribological behavior, electrochemical stability, and biological response. Selenium incorporation altered the coating growth process, leading to increased surface wettability and surface free energy, accompanied by changes in topographical parameters indicative of modified surface functionality. All coatings exhibited cytocompatibility, maintaining osteoblast viability above the 70% threshold. Among the investigated variants, the Se350 coating (350\u00a0V, Se-doped) demonstrated the most favorable mechanical response, with increased hardness and elevated H\/E and H\u00b3\/E\u00b2 ratios, which translated into improved wear resistance. Tribological testing in Ringer\u2019s solution revealed a lower and more stable coefficient of friction for Se350 compared with its selenium-free counterpart, indicating enhanced durability under lubricated sliding conditions. In addition, selenium-doped coatings significantly suppressed\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation. Electrochemical investigations confirmed that UMAO processing improved corrosion resistance relative to the uncoated alloy, although the Se350 coating exhibited reduced long-term stability, likely associated with increased porosity and altered transport pathways within the coating. Overall, the results demonstrate that low-dose selenium incorporation during ultrasound-assisted micro-arc oxidation enables effective tuning of interfacial structure and multifunctional performance, highlighting the potential of this processing strategy for advanced surface engineering of titanium alloys.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59016-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T21:25:29Z","timestamp":1782941129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selenium-doped ultrasound micro-arc oxidized calcium-phosphate coatings on Ti-13Nb-13Zr: functional and biological characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1966-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balbina","family":"Makurat-Kasprolewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endzhe","family":"Matykina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Krupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Zieli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Ronowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Wekwejt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Zimowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Ossowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"59016_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75626-4","volume":"14","author":"B Makurat-Kasprolewicz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makurat-Kasprolewicz, B. et al. Effect of ultrasound on the physicochemical, mechanical and adhesive properties of micro-arc oxidized coatings on Ti13Nb13Zr bio-alloy. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS 14, 25421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-75626-4 (2024).","journal-title":"SCIENTIFIC REPORTS"},{"key":"59016_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105425","volume":"34","author":"B Makurat-Kasprolewicz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makurat-Kasprolewicz, B. & Ossowska, A. Recent advances in electrochemically surface treated titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications: A review of anodic and plasma electrolytic oxidation methods. Materials Today Communications 34, 105425\u2013105425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.105425 (2023).","journal-title":"Materials Today Communications"},{"key":"59016_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5194\/jbji-7-231-2022","volume":"7","author":"K Phatama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Phatama, K. et al. Implant surface modifications as a prevention method for periprosthetic joint infection caused by <\u2009i>Staphylococcus aureus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. bone joint Infect. 7, 231\u2013239. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/jbji-7-231-2022","journal-title":"J. bone joint Infect."},{"key":"59016_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.08.018","volume":"307","author":"E Matykina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matykina, E. et al. In vitro corrosion performance of PEO coated Ti and Ti6Al4V used for dental and orthopaedic implants. Surface & coatings technology 307, 1255\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2016.08.018 (2016).","journal-title":"Surface & coatings technology"},{"key":"59016_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makurat-Kasprolewicz, B. et al. Tuning ultrasound-assisted MAO coatings on Ti-13Nb-13Zr via Ca\/P-based electrolyte concentration: Morphology, topography, tribology and bioactivity, Ceramics International, 51(30), Part C, 65153\u201365169, (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.11.089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2025.11.089"},{"key":"59016_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.04.267","volume":"454","author":"A Santos-Coquillat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos-Coquillat, A. et al. Tailoring of antibacterial and osteogenic properties of Ti6Al4V by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Applied surface science 454, 157\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.04.267 (2018).","journal-title":"Applied surface science"},{"issue":"7","key":"59016_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180092","volume":"4","author":"P Izakovicova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Izakovicova, P., Borens, O. & Trampuz, A. Periprosthetic joint infection: current concepts and outlook. Efort open reviews 4(7), 482\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180092 (2019).","journal-title":"Efort open reviews"},{"key":"59016_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lukaszczyk, A., Zimowski, S., Pawlak, W., Dubiel, B. & Moskalewicz, T. Microstructure, Micro-Mechanical and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Oxygen Hardened Ti-13Nb-13Zr Alloy, MATERIALS, 14(8), Art no. 2088, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma14082088","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14082088"},{"key":"59016_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art132978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.132978","volume":"327","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Micro-arc oxidation preparation of a ZnO-Se composite coating on titanium with anti-oxidation and anti-bacterial potentials for osteomyelitis control. Mater. Lett. 327, Art132978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.132978 (2022).","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"59016_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pushp, P., Dasharath, S. & Arati, C. Classification and applications of titanium and its alloys, in Materials today-proceedings, 54, pp. 537\u2013542, (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.01.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.01.008"},{"key":"59016_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2004.11.001","volume":"47","author":"X Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu, X., Chu, P. K. & Ding, C. Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications. Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports 47, 49\u2013121 (2004).","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports"},{"key":"59016_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99626-6.00008-1","volume-title":"Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Biomedical Applications","author":"M Topuz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Topuz, M., Yigit, O., Kaseem, M. & Dikici, B. 4 - Synthesis of implantable ceramic coatings and their properties, In Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Biomedical Applications, (eds Gupta, R. K. et al.) 53\u201386 (Elsevier, (2023)."},{"issue":"12","key":"59016_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11312","DOI":"10.20964\/2019.12.69","volume":"14","author":"GR Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, G. R. et al. Effects of Ultrasound on the Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of a PEO Coating. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 14 (12), 11312\u201311324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20964\/2019.12.69 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"59016_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, X. X. et al. Enhanced uniformity, corrosion resistance and biological performance of Cu-incorporated TiO2 coating produced by ultrasound-auxiliary micro-arc oxidation, Applied Surface Science, 569, Art no. 150932, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.150932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.150932"},{"key":"59016_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c01433","author":"B Makurat-Kasprolewicz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makurat-Kasprolewicz, B. et al. Influence of Ultrasound on the Characteristics of CaP Coatings Generated Via the Micro-arc Oxidation Process in Relation to Biomedical Engineering. ACS Biomaterials Sci. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c01433 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Biomaterials Sci. Eng."},{"key":"59016_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1as, P., Soto, A. M., Lohse, D., Lajoinie, G. & van der Meer, D. Ultrasound-enhanced mass transfer during the growth and dissolution of surface gas bubbles, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 174, Art no. 121069, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121069"},{"key":"59016_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, C. et al. Improved Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Microarc Oxidation Coatings on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Ultrasonic Assistance for Potential Biomedical Applications, Advanced Engineering Materials, 23(4), Art no. 2001433, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adem.202001433","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202001433"},{"key":"59016_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Staats, A., Li, D., Sullivan, A. & Stoodley, P. Biofilm formation in periprosthetic joint infections. Annals joint. 6 (4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/aoj-20-85 (2021).","DOI":"10.21037\/aoj-20-85"},{"key":"59016_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Veghel, M. et al. Early Periprosthetic Joint Infections in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: Microorganisms, Mortality, and Implant Survival Using a Combined Dataset From the Dutch Arthroplasty Register and the Dutch National Nosocomial Surveillance Network, Journal of arthroplasty, 40(1), 2024-11-28 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2024.07.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2024.07.019"},{"key":"59016_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.12.097","volume":"97","author":"A Santos-Coquillat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santos-Coquillat, A. et al. Bioactive multi-elemental PEO-coatings on titanium for dental implant applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. c-materials Biol. Appl. 97, 738\u2013752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2018.12.097 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. c-materials Biol. Appl."},{"key":"59016_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.04.051","volume":"347","author":"A Santos-Coquillat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos-Coquillat, A. et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of PEO-modified titanium for bone implant applications. Surf. Coat. Technol. 347, 358\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2018.04.051 (2018).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"59016_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126408","volume":"403","author":"JH Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, J. H. & Wang, X. L. The osteogenic, anti-oncogenic and antibacterial activities of selenium-doped titanium dioxide coatings on titanium. Surf. Coat. Technol. 403, 126408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126408 (2020).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"59016_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2019.124902","volume":"378","author":"K Saranya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saranya, K., Kalaiyarasan, M. & Rajendran, N. Selenium conversion coating on AZ31 Mg alloy: A solution for improved corrosion rate and enhanced bio-adaptability. Surf. Coat. Technol. 378, 124902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2019.124902 (2019).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"59016_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ad7dd0","volume":"11","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. Fabrication, characterization, and <\u2009i\u2009>\u2009in vitro studies of Selenium-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings. Mater. Res. Express 11(10), 105401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/ad7dd0 (2024).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"59016_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.126944","volume":"261","author":"XT Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi, X. T. et al. Characteristics of selenium-containing coatings on WE43 magnesium alloy by micro-arc oxidation. Mater. Lett. 261, 126944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matlet.2019.126944 (2020).","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"59016_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133593","volume":"333","author":"BW Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang, B. W., Wang, F. S., Qiu, Y. Y., Chen, Y. Q. & Xie, Y. Se-doped plasma electrolytic oxidation coating enhances angiogenesis induction performance of Ti implant. Mater. Lett. 333, 133593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matlet.2022.133593 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"59016_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.13696","volume":"18","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. The influence of EDTA-2Na on microstructure and corrosion resistance of PEO coating for AA1060 alloy. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 18 (3), 928\u2013936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijac.13696 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"59016_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.07.128","volume":"176","author":"E Matykina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matykina, E. et al. Electrochemical Anisotropy of Nanostructured Titanium for Biomedical Implants. Electrochim. Acta. 176, 1221\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.electacta.2015.07.128 (2015).","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"12","key":"59016_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13122064","volume":"13","author":"X Ming","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ming, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, Z. & Li, Y. Micro-Arc Oxidation in Titanium and Its Alloys: Development and Potential of Implants. Coatings 13(12), 2064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings13122064 (2023).","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"59016_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S166661","volume":"13","author":"R Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu, R. et al. Micro-\/nano-topography of selective laser melting titanium enhances adhesion and proliferation and regulates adhesion-related gene expressions of human gingival fibroblasts and human gingival epithelial cells. Int. J. Nanomed. 13, 5045\u20135057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S166661 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"59016_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.08.249","volume":"50","author":"M Rosciszewska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosciszewska, M., Shimabukuro, M., Ronowska, A., Mielewczyk-Gryn, A. & Hanawa, T. Enhanced bioactivity and mechanical properties of silicon-infused titanium oxide coatings formed by micro-arc oxidation on selective laser melted Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. Ceram. Int. 50, 43979\u201343993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2024.08.249 (2024).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"59016_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2020.01.007","volume":"5","author":"N Abbasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbasi, N., Hamlet, S., Love, R. & Nguyen, N. Porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. J. science-advanced Mater. devices. 5, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsamd.2020.01.007 (2020).","journal-title":"J. science-advanced Mater. devices"},{"key":"59016_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art166238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.166238","volume":"520","author":"Z Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Z. et al. Bioactive Cu\/Zn-loaded micro\/nano coatings on titanium promoting antibacterial effects, immune response, and bone integration. Chem. Eng. J. 520, Art166238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2025.166238 (2025).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"59016_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1557\/s43579-026-00952-9","author":"B Makurat-Kasprolewicz","year":"2026","unstructured":"Makurat-Kasprolewicz, B. & Matykina, E. Corrosion resistance and early bioactivity of Ca\/P\/Se-incorporated MAO coatings on Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy: AC versus DC regimes. MRS Commun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1557\/s43579-026-00952-9 (2026).","journal-title":"MRS Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"59016_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-018-1196-4","volume":"112","author":"M Rehan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rehan, M., Alsohim, A., El-Fadly, G. & Tisa, L. Detoxification and reduction of selenite to elemental red selenium by Frankia. Antonie van leeuwenhoek Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol. 112 (1), 127\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-018-1196-4 (2019).","journal-title":"Antonie van leeuwenhoek Int. J. Gen. Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"59016_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art126349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126349","volume":"402","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Role of the electrolyte composition in establishing plasma discharges and coating growth process during a micro-arc oxidation. Surf. Coat. Technol. 402, Art126349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2020.126349 (2020).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"59016_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art100845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2025.100845","volume":"29","author":"K Mojsilovic","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mojsilovic, K. et al. Tailoring plasma electrolytic oxidation through metallic cation addition: Insights from bipolar and unipolar electrical regimes. Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv. 29, Art100845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsadv.2025.100845 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"2","key":"59016_CR38","first-page":"99","volume":"26","author":"P Whanger","year":"1996","unstructured":"Whanger, P., Vendeland, S., Park, Y. & Xia, Y. Metabolism of subtoxic levels of selenium in animals and humans. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 26 (2), 99\u2013113 (1996).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"59016_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18050955","volume":"18","author":"J Neto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neto, J. et al. Effect of Bulk Phase Composition on the Growth of PEO Coatings on the Biomedical Ti-6Al-4V Alloy. Materials 18(5), 955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma18050955 (2025).","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"59016_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.01.022","volume":"269","author":"D Dzhurinskiy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dzhurinskiy, D. et al. Characterization and corrosion evaluation of TiO2:n-HA coatings on titanium alloy formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation. Surf. Coat. Technol. 269, 258\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.01.022 (2015).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"59016_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1557\/s43579-024-00663-z","volume":"14","author":"J Sypniewska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sypniewska, J., Szkodo, M., Majkowska-Marzec, B. & Mielewczyk-Gryn, A. Exploring the composition and corrosion resistance in hybrid-modified Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. MRS Commun. 14(6), 1439\u20131445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1557\/s43579-024-00663-z (2024).","journal-title":"MRS Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"59016_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met15060658","volume":"15","author":"L Ruberti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ruberti, L. et al. Effect on the electrochemical properties of PEO films produced on commercially pure titanium using multicomponent oxide coatings. METALS 15(6), 658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met15060658 (2025).","journal-title":"METALS"},{"key":"59016_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22871","DOI":"10.1039\/d5cp02197a","volume":"27","author":"T Elgayyar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elgayyar, T., Azzolina-Jury, F. & Thibault-Starzyk, F. Infrared spectroscopy at the surface of carbonates. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 27, 22871\u201322879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d5cp02197a (2025).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"4","key":"59016_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7040142","volume":"7","author":"S Grigoriev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grigoriev, S. et al. Investigation of the characteristics of MAO coatings formed on Ti6Al4V titanium alloy in electrolytes with graphene oxide additives. Journal of composites science 7(4), 142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcs7040142 (2023).","journal-title":"Journal of composites science"},{"issue":"1","key":"59016_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29999-7","volume":"13","author":"L Maj","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maj, L. et al. In-situ formation of Ag nanoparticles in the MAO coating during the processing of cp-Ti. Scientific reports 13(1), 3230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-29999-7 (2023).","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"7","key":"59016_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.040","volume":"10","author":"F Rupp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rupp, F. et al. A review on the wettability of dental implant surfaces I: Theoretical and experimental aspects. Acta Biomater. 10 (7), 2894\u20132906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.02.040 (2014).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"11","key":"59016_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101745","volume":"23","author":"J Quinn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Quinn, J., McFadden, R., Chan, C.-W. & Carson, L. Titanium for orthopedic applications: An overview of surface modification to improve biocompatibility and prevent bacterial biofilm formation. iScience 23(11), 101745\u2013101745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101745 (2020).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"4","key":"59016_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.12.002","volume":"9","author":"R Gittens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gittens, R. et al. The roles of titanium surface micro\/nanotopography and wettability on the differential response of human osteoblast lineage cells. Acta Biomater. 9 (4), 6268\u20136277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.12.002 (2013).","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"19","key":"59016_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100126","volume":"8","author":"L Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, L. et al. Tailoring materials with specific wettability in biomedical engineering. Advanced science 8(19), 2100126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202100126 (2021).","journal-title":"Advanced science"},{"issue":"10","key":"59016_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0057-5","volume":"16","author":"C Berne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berne, C., Ellison, C. K., Ducret, A. & Brun, Y. V. Bacterial adhesion at the single-cell level. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16 (10), 616\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-018-0057-5 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"59016_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2025.163136","volume":"698","author":"J Sypniewska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sypniewska, J. et al. Hybrid laser-micro-arc oxidation techniques for enhanced biocompatibility and surface modification of Ti13Nb13Zr alloy in biomedical applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 698, 163136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2025.163136 (2025).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"59016_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1179\/1743280414Y.0000000038","volume":"59","author":"MM Gentleman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gentleman, M. M. & Gentleman, E. The role of surface free energy in osteoblast\u2013biomaterial interactions. Int. Mater. Rev. 59, 417\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1743280414Y.0000000038 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"59016_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.146354","volume":"520","author":"K Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, K. et al. Effect of surface energy on protein adsorption behaviours of treated CoCrMo alloy surfaces. Appl. Surf. Sci. 520, 146354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.146354 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"59016_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19428-5","volume":"8","author":"GK Srivastava","year":"2018","unstructured":"Srivastava, G. K. et al. Comparison between direct contact and extract exposure methods for PFO cytotoxicity evaluation. Scientific Reports 8, 1425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-19428-5 (2018).","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"31","key":"59016_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.06.016","volume":"28","author":"XM Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu, X. M. et al. Influence of substratum surface chemistry\/energy and topography on the human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19:: Phenotypic and genotypic responses observed in vitro. Biomaterials 28(31), 4535\u20134550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.06.016 (2007).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"59016_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.131063","volume":"489","author":"K Le\u015bniak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Le\u015bniak, K. et al. Electrochemical modification of the Ti15Mo alloy surface in solutions containing Ag2O, Ag3PO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 particles. Surf. Coat. Technol. 489, 131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2024.131063 (2024).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"59016_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2021.127764","volume":"426","author":"VZ Asl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asl, V. Z. et al. Corrosion properties and surface free energy of the Zn-Al LDH\/rGO coating on MAO pretreated AZ31 magnesium alloy. Surface & Coatings Technology 426, 127764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2021.127764 (2021).","journal-title":"Surface & Coatings Technology"},{"key":"59016_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123136","volume":"319","author":"MA Tokmedash","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tokmedash, M. A. et al. Engineering multifunctional surface topography to regulate multiple biological responses. BIOMATERIALS 319, 123136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123136 (2025).","journal-title":"BIOMATERIALS"},{"key":"59016_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art108915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.108915","volume":"194","author":"S Metwally","year":"2020","unstructured":"Metwally, S. et al. Surface potential and roughness controlled cell adhesion and collagen formation in electrospun PCL fibers for bone regeneration. Mater. Design. 194, Art108915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.108915 (2020).","journal-title":"Mater. Design"},{"issue":"6","key":"59016_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/lubricants11060263","volume":"11","author":"V Molnar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Molnar, V. Experimental Investigation of Tribology-Related Topography Parameters of Hard-Turned and Ground 16MnCr5 Surfaces. Lubricants 11(6), 263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/lubricants11060263 (2023).","journal-title":"Lubricants"},{"key":"59016_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.112168","volume":"44","author":"O Ashkani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ashkani, O., Moazami-Goudarzi, M. & Abbasi, A. Enhanced mechanical properties and wear resistance of titanium by Mn addition. Mater. Today Commun. 44, 112168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.112168 (2025).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"59016_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met9121284","volume":"9","author":"L Denti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Denti, L. & Sola, A. On the Effectiveness of Different Surface Finishing Techniques on A357.0 Parts Produced by Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion: Surface Roughness and Fatigue Strength. Metals 9(12), 1284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met9121284 (2019).","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"59016_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.17814\/mechanik.2015.8-9.477","volume":"8\u20139","author":"E Bachtiak-Radka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bachtiak-Radka, E., Grocha\u0142a, D., Chmielewski, K. & Olszak, W. The isotropy tests of a milled and hard-burnished surface of the X160CrMoV121 steel. Mechanik 8\u20139, 641\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17814\/mechanik.2015.8-9.477 (2015).","journal-title":"Mechanik"},{"key":"59016_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731418790694","volume":"9","author":"L Damiati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Damiati, L. et al. Impact of surface topography and coating on osteogenesis and bacterial attachment on titanium implants. J. Tissue Eng. 9, 2041731418790694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2041731418790694 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"59016_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/COATINGS10080745","author":"M Dziaduszewska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dziaduszewska, M., Shimabukuro, M., Seramak, T., Zielinski, A. & Hanawa, T. Effects of micro-arc oxidation process parameters on characteristics of calcium-phosphate containing oxide layers on the selective laser melted Ti13Zr13Nb alloy. Coatings https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/COATINGS10080745 (2020).","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"59016_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smmf.2022.100009","volume":"1","author":"A Rashidy Ahmady","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rashidy Ahmady, A. et al. High entropy alloy coatings for biomedical applications: A review. Smart Materials in Manufacturing 1, 100009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smmf.2022.100009 (2023).","journal-title":"Smart Materials in Manufacturing"},{"key":"59016_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.04.184","volume":"383","author":"J Solis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solis, J. et al. Tribological performance of an H-DLC coating prepared by Pecvd. Appl. Surf. Sci. 383, 222\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.04.184 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"59016_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.02.018","volume":"49","author":"J Sypniewska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sypniewska, J., Szkodo, M., Majkowska-Marzec, B. & Mielewczyk-Gryn, A. Effect of hybrid modification by ceramic layer formation in MAO process and laser remelting on the structure of titanium bio-alloy Ti13Nb13Zr. Ceram. Int. 49(11), 16603\u201316614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2023.02.018 (2023).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"59016_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.02.142","volume":"479","author":"JH Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao, J. H. et al. Growth characteristics and properties of micro-arc oxidation coating on SLM-produced TC4 alloy for biomedical applications. Appl. Surf. Sci. 479, 727\u2013737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.02.142 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"59016_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2026.01.234","volume":"41","author":"S Jan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Jan, S. et al. Adhesion mechanisms, evaluation techniques and modeling strategies in PVD coatings: From fundamentals to data-driven design. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 41, 3618\u20133649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2026.01.234 (2026).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"59016_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2021.101001","volume":"23","author":"T Atmani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atmani, T., Gaceb, M., Aknouche, H., Nouveau, C. & Bouamrene, M. Parametric study of the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline TiN\/CrN multilayer coatings with a special focus on the effect of coating thickness and substrate roughness. Surf. Interfaces 23, 101001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfin.2021.101001 (2021).","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"59016_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.11.001","volume":"98","author":"S Shankar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shankar, S. et al. In-vitro tribological study and submodeling finite element technique in analyzing wear of zirconia toughened alumina against alumina with bio-lubricants for hip implants. Med. Eng. Phys. 98, 83\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.11.001 (2021).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"41","key":"59016_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34669","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ra02780b","volume":"15","author":"N Xiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiao, N. et al. Current research on the design, properties and applications of tribological materials: a review. RSC Adv. 15(41), 34669\u201334717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d5ra02780b (2025).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"59016_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1648(01)00867-5","volume":"252","author":"M Huq","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huq, M. & Celis, J. Expressing wear rate in sliding contacts based on dissipated energy. Wear 252(5\u20136), 375\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0043-1648(01)00867-5 (2002).","journal-title":"Wear"},{"key":"59016_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2023.108524","volume":"185","author":"S McMaster","year":"2023","unstructured":"McMaster, S., Kosarieh, S., Liskiewicz, T., Neville, A. & Beake, B. Utilising H\/E to predict fretting wear performance of DLC coating systems. Tribol. Int. 185, 108524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.triboint.2023.108524 (2023).","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"59016_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst8050188","volume":"8","author":"K Pajor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pajor, K., Pajchel, L., Kolodziejska, B. & Kolmas, J. Selenium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals-Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties and Biological Significance. Crystals 8(5), 188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst8050188 (2018).","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"issue":"10","key":"59016_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.35286","volume":"111","author":"L Pawlowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pawlowski, L. et al. Osteoblast and bacterial cell response on RGD peptide-functionalized chitosan coatings electrophoretically deposited from different suspensions on Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 111(10), 1800\u20131812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm.b.35286 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"59016_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.941109","volume":"10","author":"B Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang, B. et al. Evaluation of antibacterial property and biocompatibility of Cu doped TiO2 coated implant prepared by micro-arc oxidation. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 941109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.941109 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"59016_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, J. P. & P\u00e9rez-Rivero, C. 2.02 - Cellular Systems, in Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), M. Moo-Young Ed. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 9\u201321. (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64046-8.00067-7"},{"key":"59016_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120595","volume":"268","author":"SW Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, S. W., Phillips, K. S., Gu, H., Kazemzadeh-Narbat, M. & Ren, D. How microbes read the map: Effects of implant topography on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Biomaterials 268, 120595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120595 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"59016_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5054057","volume":"13","author":"S Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, S., Zhang, B., Liu, Y., Suo, X. & Li, H. Influence of surface topography on bacterial adhesion: A review. Biointerphases 13(6), 060801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.5054057 (2018).","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"59016_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.12.003","volume":"217","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cheng, Y. et al. Microstructure, corrosion and wear performance of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings formed on Ti-6Al-4V alloy in silicate-hexametaphosphate electrolyte. Surf. Coat. Technol. 217, 129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2012.12.003 (2013).","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"59016_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41529-023-00420-y","volume":"8","author":"V Gattu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gattu, V., Obregon, J., Ebert, W. & Indacochea, J. Effects of open circuit immersion and vertex potential on potentiodynamic polarization scans of metallic biomaterials. NPJ Mater. Degrad. 8(1), 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41529-023-00420-y (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Mater. Degrad."},{"issue":"9","key":"59016_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met10091167","volume":"10","author":"C Garcia-Cabez\u00f3n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garcia-Cabez\u00f3n, C. et al. Application of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating on Powder Metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V for Dental Implants. Metals 10(9), 1167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met10091167 (2020).","journal-title":"Metals"},{"issue":"4","key":"59016_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(23)66460-X","volume":"34","author":"H Mora-Sanchez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mora-Sanchez, H. et al. Flash plasma electrolytic oxidation and electrochemical behaviour in physiological media of additive manufacturing Ti6Al4V alloy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 34(4), 1150\u20131166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1003-6326(23)66460-X (2024).","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"issue":"8","key":"59016_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3390\/met11081182","volume":"11","author":"T Zehra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zehra, T., Kaseem, M., Hossain, S. & Ko, Y.-G. Fabrication of a Protective Hybrid Coating Composed of TiO2, MoO2, and SiO2 by Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Titanium. Metals 11(8), 1182\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met11081182 (2021).","journal-title":"Metals"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"59016_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.09.026","volume":"476","author":"T Niemeyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Niemeyer, T., Grandini, C., Pinto, L., Angelo, A. & Schneider, S. Corrosion behavior of Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy used as a biomaterial. J. Alloys Compd. 476(1\u20132), 172\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jallcom.2008.09.026 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59016-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59016-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59016-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:32:44Z","timestamp":1790854364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59016-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-59016-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of Competing Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30384"}}