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The current study aimed to examine the main mechanism by which the combined action of pyrethroids, such as lambda-cyhalothrin (LC), and neonicotinoids, such as thiamethoxam, induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress. Four groups of adult male rats were formed: control, Lambda-cyhalothrin (LC; 8\u00a0mg\/kg B.W.), Thiamethoxam (TMX; 156\u00a0mg\/kg B.W.), and LC\u2009+\u2009TMX groups. For 21 days, the rats received their doses orally. Results showed that LC and\/or TMX caused significant alterations in body weight, gonadosomatic index, sperm quality, hormones, lipid peroxidation, DNA toxicity, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Furthermore, testicular tissue showed biochemical, genes expression (steroid-forming acute regulatory protein (StAR), Cytochrome P450 17\u03b1-hydroxylase\/17,20-lyase (CYP17a), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1), 3\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3\u03b2-HSD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Claudin-11, Occludin and ZO-1), and ultrastructural abnormalities. In conclusion, rats given both LC plus TMX had strong adverse effects, suggesting oxidative stress and reproductive toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59239-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T13:25:17Z","timestamp":1783949117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergistic reproductive toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam via oxidative stress and blood\u2013testis barrier dysfunction in rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma M.","family":"El-Demerdash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahla M.","family":"Baraghit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghda A.","family":"El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda H.","family":"Baghdadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"59239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9420105","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2026.9420105","volume":"3","author":"L-L Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li, L-L. et al. 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