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Gene editing technology has been used to explore virus-vector interactions in other vector groups, particularly within mosquitoes. Despite the availability of a reference genome since 2018, to date there have been no reports of gene editing in\n                    <jats:italic>C. sonorensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Here, we report the first instance of gene editing in\n                    <jats:italic>C. sonorensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , achieved by intrathoracic injection of adult females with Cas9 and sgRNAs targeting the\n                    <jats:italic>white<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. We generated heritable mutations in the\n                    <jats:italic>white<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene which produced both white eye and red eye phenotypes and went on to establish a homozygous knockout line carrying a single mutation. We observed gene editing efficiencies of up to 12.3%, making this an efficient protocol for genetic manipulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    biting midges, opening the door to functional genomics studies and the development of control strategies in these important and understudied disease vectors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59276-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:01:36Z","timestamp":1784192496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of the white gene in the bluetongue virus vector, Culicoides sonorensis (biting midge)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"Nevard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Harvey-Samuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9649-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Homem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"59276_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.307","volume":"45","author":"PS Mellor","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mellor, P. 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