{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:45:28Z","timestamp":1782787528692,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is crucial for salivary secretion, composition and enamel mineralization. Genetic variations in AQP5 may influence susceptibility to dental diseases such as caries. This study investigated the association between AQP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), AQP5 mRNA expression, and caries severity in a dental practice cohort. A total of 246 patients were enrolled. Caries experience was assessed using the decayed, missing, and filled (DMF) index, and salivary AQP5 mRNA expression was quantified by RT-qPCR. Genotyping included rs2878771, rs296763, rs3736309, and rs3759129. Statistical analyses comprised Chi-square testing, ROC analysis with Youden Index determination, and binary logistic regression adjusted for age and sex. The A allele of rs3736309 was associated with an increased risk of severe caries, particularly in patients over 60 years of age. AQP5 mRNA expression was higher in individuals with severe caries and in carriers of the C allele of rs2878771. ROC analysis identified an AQP5 expression cut-off (0.11274) that discriminated between severe and non-severe caries (AUC\u2009=\u20090.578,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.048). Logistic regression confirmed AQP5 expression as an independent predictor of severe caries (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.005). AQP5 expression and genetic variation appear to contribute to caries susceptibility in an age-dependent manner with moderate effects. The intronic variant rs3736309 was associated with caries severity. The biological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear and require functional investigation. These findings support a potential role of AQP5 as an exploratory biomarker candidate for caries risk, particularly in elderly individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>\n                    : German Clinical Trial Registry No. DRKS00032425, date of registration: 2023-08-16.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59514-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:15:53Z","timestamp":1782785753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of AQP5 gene variants and mRNA expression with caries severity in a dental practice cohort: a randomized trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Janusch","family":"Bitter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Pakosch-Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Adamzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Ziehe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Orlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjoern","family":"Koos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Rump","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"59514_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000077753","volume":"38","author":"O Fejerskov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fejerskov, O. Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: Consequences for oral health care. Caries Res. 38(3), 182\u2013191 (2004).","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"59514_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11s","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0347","volume":"139","author":"GK Stookey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stookey, G. K. The effect of saliva on dental caries. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 139(Suppl), 11s\u201317s (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"59514_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-024-1057-0_8","volume":"969","author":"S Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu, S., Ran, J., Yang, B. & Mei, Z. Aquaporins in digestive system. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 969, 123\u2013130 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. 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Expression of aquaporin 3 and 5 as a potential marker for distinguishing dry mouth from Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. J. Oral. Sci. 60(2), 212\u2013220 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Oral. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"59514_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070804","volume":"16","author":"K Rump","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rump, K. et al. Aquaporin mRNA in human saliva. Genes 16(7), 804 (2025).","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"2","key":"59514_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000505965","volume":"54","author":"A Tulek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tulek, A. et al. Aquaporins\u2019 influence on different dental erosive wear phenotypes in humans. 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Caries Res. 26, 1\u201313 (2025).","journal-title":"Caries Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59514-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59514-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59514-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:36:47Z","timestamp":1782787007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59514-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-59514-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Faculty of the Ruhr University Bochum (approval number 23-7821-BR; date of approval: 07.06.2023) and the Ethics Committee of the Westphalia-Lippe Medical Association (approval number 2023-416-b-S; date of approval: 26.07.2023). The study is registered as a clinical trial with the Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS00032425) and can be accessed at\n                      \n                      . Participant enrollment took place from August 2023 and is ongoing.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Institutional review board statement"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"19907"}}