{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:00:54Z","timestamp":1790308854632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":88,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA256543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA256543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human milk (HM) is the key nutritional source for infants and the most effective preventative approach against serious gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases like necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Numerous studies in animal models indicate HM-derived small extracellular vesicles (HMEV) reduce severity of inflammation; however, data on human-specific models are limited. Isolated HMEV were characterized from early-HM (colostrum and transitional), mature-HM, and a combined, pasteurized donor bank-like HM sample (pool-); pool-HMEV retains a profile aligned with HMEV from both early- and mature-HM samples. Exposure to pool-HMEV initiates unique gene signatures associated with reduction of inflammation including NFkB-driven TNF\u03b1 signaling in human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) established from neonates with intestinal atresia or NEC. Prior exposure of HIEs to pool-HMEV lowers the magnitude of EGTA- and TNF-induced barrier disruption. This foundational research demonstrates HMEVs cause transcriptional and functional changes to the human intestinal epithelium and will support future studies on HMEV-based therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59527-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T04:15:15Z","timestamp":1782447315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human milk small extracellular vesicles elicit changes in inflammatory response in infant human intestinal enteroids"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kacie D.","family":"Waiters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Peidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailey A.","family":"McAndrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashfia F.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Adeniyi-Ipadeola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hephzibah","family":"Nwanosike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Funmi","family":"Babajide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah","family":"Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preethi H.","family":"Gunaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Karami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoa","family":"Nguyen-Phuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasirekha","family":"Ramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasneem","family":"Bawa-Khalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"59527_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1","volume":"19","author":"S Gurung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gurung, S., Perocheau, D., Touramanidou, L. & Baruteau, J. The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling. Cell. Commun. Signal. 19, 47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-021-00730-1 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell. Commun. Signal."},{"key":"59527_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00410-w","volume":"21","author":"L Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng, L. & Hill, A. F. Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 21, 379\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41573-022-00410-w (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov"},{"key":"59527_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4517","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0135","volume":"22","author":"W Qin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qin, W. et al. Exosomes in Human Breast Milk Promote EMT. Clin. Cancer Res. 22, 4517\u20134524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0135 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"59527_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-2072-3","volume":"17","author":"S Reif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reif, S., Elbaum Shiff, Y. & Golan-Gerstl, R. Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) have a different biological effect on normal fetal colon epithelial cells compared to colon tumor cells in a miRNA-dependent manner. J. Transl Med. 17, 325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-019-2072-3 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Transl Med."},{"key":"59527_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.54","volume":"82","author":"MC Carney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carney, M. C. et al. Metabolism-related microRNAs in maternal breast milk are influenced by premature delivery. Pediatr. Res. 82, 226\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/pr.2017.54 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"59527_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-019-04562-6","volume":"35","author":"R Gao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gao, R. et al. A comparison of exosomes derived from different periods breast milk on protecting against intestinal organoid injury. Pediatr. Surg. Int. 35, 1363\u20131368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00383-019-04562-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"59527_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12357","volume":"69","author":"P Torregrosa Paredes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torregrosa Paredes, P. et al. Differences in exosome populations in human breast milk in relation to allergic sensitization and lifestyle. Allergy 69, 463\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/all.12357 (2014).","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"59527_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425918785715","volume":"24","author":"C Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin, C. et al. Human breast milk-derived exosomes attenuate cell death in intestinal epithelial cells. Innate Immun. 24, 278\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1753425918785715 (2018).","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"59527_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963689720912690","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689720912690","volume":"29","author":"P Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong, P. et al. Protective Effects of Human Milk-Derived Exosomes on Intestinal Stem Cells Damaged by Oxidative Stress. Cell. Transpl. 29, 963689720912690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0963689720912690 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Transpl."},{"key":"59527_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-019-04599-7","volume":"36","author":"H Miyake","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miyake, H. et al. Human breast milk exosomes attenuate intestinal damage. Pediatr. Surg. Int. 36, 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00383-019-04599-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"59527_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.052","volume":"55","author":"C Pisano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pisano, C. et al. Human Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in the Protection Against Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 55, 54\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.052 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"59527_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01449-y","volume":"90","author":"S He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He, S., Liu, G. & Zhu, X. Human breast milk-derived exosomes may help maintain intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. Pediatr. Res. 90, 366\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-021-01449-y (2021).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"59527_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.02.029","volume":"57","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Human breast milk-derived exosomes protect against intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in neonatal rats. J. Pediatr. Surg. 57, 1264\u20131268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2022.02.029 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"59527_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade5041","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade5041","volume":"9","author":"L Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong, L. et al. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles protect intestinal barrier integrity in the gut-liver axis. Sci. Adv. 9, eade5041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ade5041 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"59527_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420988239","volume":"37","author":"A Civra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Civra, A. et al. Human Colostrum and Derived Extracellular Vesicles Prevent Infection by Human Rotavirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Vitro. J. Hum. Lact. 37, 122\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890334420988239 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact"},{"key":"59527_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1701050","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201701050","volume":"62","author":"S Kahn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahn, S. et al. Exosomal MicroRNAs in Milk from Mothers Delivering Preterm Infants Survive in Vitro Digestion and Are Taken Up by Human Intestinal Cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 62, e1701050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.201701050 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"59527_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700082","author":"Y Liao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Du, X., Li, J. & Lonnerdal, B. Human milk exosomes and their microRNAs survive digestion in vitro and are taken up by human intestinal cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.201700082 (2017).","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"59527_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-367-7_11","volume":"806","author":"JF Beaulieu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beaulieu, J. F. & Menard, D. Isolation, characterization, and culture of normal human intestinal crypt and villus cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 806, 157\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-61779-367-7_11 (2012).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"59527_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12422","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12422","volume":"13","author":"C Yung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yung, C. et al. Neonatal enteroids absorb extracellular vesicles from human milk-fed infant digestive fluid. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 13, e12422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.12422 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"59527_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01316-24","volume":"15","author":"GO Adeniyi-Ipadeola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adeniyi-Ipadeola, G. O. et al. Infant and adult human intestinal enteroids are morphologically and functionally distinct. mBio 15, e0131624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01316-24 (2024).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"59527_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","volume":"7","author":"C Thery","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thery, C. et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 7, 1535750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"59527_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","volume":"13","author":"JA Welsh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Welsh, J. A. et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 13, e12404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.12404 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"59527_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.01.009","volume":"6","author":"B Adriano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adriano, B. et al. Milk exosomes: Nature\u2019s abundant nanoplatform for theranostic applications. Bioact Mater. 6, 2479\u20132490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.01.009 (2021).","journal-title":"Bioact Mater."},{"key":"59527_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108289","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1108289","volume":"14","author":"S Lechuga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lechuga, S., Braga-Neto, M. B., Naydenov, N. G., Rieder, F. & Ivanov A. I. Understanding disruption of the gut barrier during inflammation: Should we abandon traditional epithelial cell lines and switch to intestinal organoids? Front. Immunol. 14, 1108289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1108289 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"59527_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G367","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00173.2003","volume":"286","author":"TY Ma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ma, T. Y. et al. TNF-alpha-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-kappa B activation. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286, G367\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00173.2003 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"59527_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600790604","volume":"79","author":"P Artursson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Artursson, P. Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. I: A model for studying the passive diffusion of drugs over intestinal absorptive (Caco-2) cells. J. Pharm. Sci. 79, 476\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jps.2600790604 (1990).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"59527_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90328-t","volume":"46","author":"X Boulenc","year":"1993","unstructured":"Boulenc, X. et al. Importance of the paracellular pathway for the transport of a new bisphosphonate using the human CACO-2 monolayers model. Biochem. Pharmacol. 46, 1591\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90328-t (1993).","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"59527_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20500-w","volume":"12","author":"A Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. High-fat diet-induced upregulation of exosomal phosphatidylcholine contributes to insulin resistance. Nat. Commun. 12, 213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-20500-w (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"59527_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060851","author":"BC Melnik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melnik, B. C., Stremmel, W., Weiskirchen, R., John, S. M. & Schmitz, G. Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs of Human Milk and Their Effects on Infant Health and Development. Biomolecules https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom11060851 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"59527_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.11.041","volume":"92","author":"M Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, M. et al. Comparative proteomic analysis of milk-derived exosomes in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples by iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS\/MS. Food Res. Int. 92, 17\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2016.11.041 (2017).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"59527_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","author":"R Kalluri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalluri, R. & LeBleu, V. S. The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aau6977 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"59527_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2070762","volume":"2","author":"WE Corpeleijn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corpeleijn, W. E., Vermeulen, M. J., van Vliet, I., Kruger, C. & van Goudoever, J. B. Human milk banking-facts and issues to resolve. Nutrients 2, 762\u2013769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu2070762 (2010).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"59527_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13657","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13657","volume":"20","author":"SL Unger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Unger, S. L. & O\u2019Connor, D. L. Review of current best practices for human milk banking. Matern Child. Nutr. 20 (Suppl 4), e13657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.13657 (2024).","journal-title":"Matern Child. Nutr."},{"key":"59527_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479516","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1479516","volume":"12","author":"M Dlugolecka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dlugolecka, M. & Czystowska-Kuzmicz, M. Factors to consider before choosing EV labeling method for fluorescence-based techniques. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 12, 1479516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1479516 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"59527_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79724-1","volume":"14","author":"S Wijenayake","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wijenayake, S., Eisha, S., Purohit, M. K. & McGowan, P. O. Milk derived extracellular vesicle uptake in human microglia regulates the DNA methylation machinery: Short title: milk-derived extracellular vesicles and the epigenetic machinery. Sci. Rep. 14, 28630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-79724-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59527_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22126-y","volume":"12","author":"E Bonsergent","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonsergent, E. et al. Quantitative characterization of extracellular vesicle uptake and content delivery within mammalian cells. Nat. Commun. 12, 1864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-22126-y (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"59527_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062292","volume":"8","author":"N Khen-Dunlop","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khen-Dunlop, N. et al. Prenatal intestinal obstruction affects the myenteric plexus and causes functional bowel impairment in fetal rat experimental model of intestinal atresia. PLoS One 8, e62292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0062292 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"59527_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1107404","volume":"10","author":"DK Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, D. K. et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis: Bench to bedside approaches and advancing our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Front. Pediatr. 10, 1107404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.1107404 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"59527_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90806-p","volume":"61","author":"U Zabel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Zabel, U. & Baeuerle, P. A. Purified human I\u03baB can rapidly dissociate the complex of the NF-\u03baB transcription factor with its cognate DNA. Cell 61, 255\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90806-p (1990).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"59527_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0908797106","volume":"106","author":"S Bergqvist","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bergqvist, S. et al. Kinetic enhancement of NF-kappaBxDNA dissociation by IkappaBalpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 19328\u201319333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0908797106 (2009).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"59527_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.11.2085","author":"J Mankertz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mankertz, J. et al. Expression from the human occludin promoter is affected by tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and interferon \u03b3. J. Cell Sci., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.113.11.2085 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"59527_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)62264-x","volume":"166","author":"F Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang, F. et al. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergize to induce intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by up-regulating myosin light chain kinase expression. Am. J. Pathol. 166, 409\u2013419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9440(10)62264-x (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"59527_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6164","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.6164","volume":"171","author":"M Bruewer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bruewer, M. et al. Proinflammatory cytokines disrupt epithelial barrier function by apoptosis-independent mechanisms. J. Immunol. 171, 6164\u20136172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.6164 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"59527_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101007","volume":"39","author":"BG Postal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Postal, B. G. et al. AhR activation defends gut barrier integrity against damage occurring in obesity. Mol. Metab. 39, 101007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101007 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"59527_CR45","unstructured":"HMBANA Standards for Donor Human Milk: An Overview, (2020). https:\/\/www.hmbana.org\/file_download\/inline\/95a0362a-c9f4-4f15-b9ab-cf8cf7b7b866"},{"issue":"1","key":"59527_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/0471143030.cb0322s30","volume":"3","author":"C Thery","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thery, C., Amigorena, S., Raposo, G. & Clayton, A. Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0471143030.cb0322s30 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"59527_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12202495","author":"M Quttina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quttina, M. et al. Exosc9 Initiates SUMO-Dependent lncRNA TERRA Degradation to Impact Telomeric Integrity in Endocrine Therapy Insensitive Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Cells https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12202495 (2023).","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"59527_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00649-z","volume":"18","author":"S Bahnassy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bahnassy, S. et al. Constitutively active androgen receptor supports the metastatic phenotype of endocrine-resistant hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Cell. Commun. Signal. 18, 154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-020-00649-z (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Commun. Signal."},{"key":"59527_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46477","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46477","volume":"7","author":"S Karami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karami, S. et al. Novel SUMO-Protease SENP7S Regulates beta-catenin Signaling and Mammary Epithelial Cell Transformation. Sci. Rep. 7, 46477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep46477 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59527-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59527-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59527-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:46:30Z","timestamp":1790307990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59527-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-59527-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Drs. Karami and Bawa-Khalfe have a financial interest in LactoCyte Diagnostic LLC. This financial interest has been disclosed to the University of Houston, and appropriate steps have been taken to address any potential conflicts of interest. All other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"29400"}}