{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:41:20Z","timestamp":1793382080820,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H210100040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H210100040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Geran Universiti Penyelidikan UKM","award":["GUP-2024-070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GUP-2024-070"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003200","name":"Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TDF09241800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDF09241800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59587-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:47:45Z","timestamp":1783007265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Correlation of dielectrophoretic crossover frequency with optical density and plate counts for assessing Staphylococcus aureus concentration analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arash","family":"Zulkarnain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akmal","family":"Suhaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Abdulhameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revathy","family":"Deivasigamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noraziah Mohamad","family":"Zin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin Ahmad","family":"Kayani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhamad Ramdzan","family":"Buyong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"59587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276040","author":"P Mira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mira, P., Yeh, P. & Hall, B. G. Estimating microbial population data from optical density. PLoS One https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0276040 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"59587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa263","volume":"222","author":"TA Eubank","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eubank, T. A., Long, S. W. & Perez, K. K. Role of rapid diagnostics in diagnosis and management of patients with sepsis. J. Infect. Dis. 222, S103\u2013S109 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"59587_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beal, J. et al. Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density. Commun. Biol. 3, (2020).","DOI":"10.1101\/803239"},{"key":"59587_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.005","volume":"34","author":"U Theuretzbacher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Theuretzbacher, U. Future antibiotics scenarios: Is the tide starting to turn?. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34, 15\u201320 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"59587_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24655","author":"D Chinemerem Nwobodo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chinemerem Nwobodo, D. et al. Antibiotic resistance: The challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcla.24655 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"59587_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00369-11","volume":"49","author":"S Puttaswamy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Puttaswamy, S., Lee, B. D. & Sengupta, S. Novel electrical method for early detection of viable bacteria in blood cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49, 2286\u20132289 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"59587_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09024-9","volume":"15","author":"MH Marino Migu\u00e9lez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Marino Migu\u00e9lez, M. H., Huguenin-Dumittan, A., Osaid, M. & van der Wijngaart, W. Isolation and identification of bacteria from blood within 12 h using standard laboratory equipment. Sci. Rep. 15, 1\u201310 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59587_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2023.06.088","volume":"177","author":"WHM Wan Mohtar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wan Mohtar, W. H. M. et al. Rapid detection of ESKAPE and enteric bacteria using tapered dielectrophoresis and their presence in urban water cycle. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 177, 427\u2013435 (2023).","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"59587_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2020-4912-04","volume":"49","author":"MK Abdul Rahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdul Rahim, M. K., Jamaludin, N. M. A., Santhanam, J., Hamzah, A. A. & Buyong, M. R. Rapid ESKAPE pathogens detection method using tapered dielectrophoresis electrodes via crossover frequency analysis. Sains Malays. 49, 2913\u20132925 (2020).","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"59587_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33329-7","author":"C Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han, C., Woo, S. Y., Bhardwaj, J., Sharma, A. & Jang, J. Rapid and selective concentration of bacteria, viruses, and proteins using alternating current signal superimposition on two coplanar electrodes. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-33329-7 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59587_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05274-9","author":"A Suhaimi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suhaimi, A. et al. Experimentally profiling dielectric properties of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by movement velocity and force. Sci. Rep. 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-05274-9 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59587_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202200276","author":"A Zulkarnain","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zulkarnain, A. & Rozaini, A. Dielectrophoresis microbial characterization and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus based on optimum crossover frequency. Electrophoresis https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/elps.202200276 (2023).","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"59587_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sushko, M. Effect of the electrical double layer on the electrical conductivity of suspensions. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2208.00363 (2024).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2208.00363"},{"key":"59587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10071364","author":"Y Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Sun, C., Kao, Y., Hung, C. & Juang, J. Dielectrophoretic crossover frequency of single particles: Quantifying the effect of surface functional groups and electrohydrodynamic flow drag force. Nanomaterials https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nano10071364 (2020).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"59587_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.53096","volume":"139","author":"R Deivasigamani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deivasigamani, R. et al. A dielectrophoresis proof of concept of polystyrene particles and in-vitro human epidermal keratinocytes migration for wound rejuvenation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 139, e53096 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"59587_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2018.11.021","volume":"116","author":"J Cottet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cottet, J. et al. MyDEP: A new computational tool for dielectric modeling of particles and cells. Biophys. J. 116, 12\u201318 (2019).","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"59587_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2017.02.024","volume":"966","author":"RE Fernandez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernandez, R. E., Rohani, A., Farmehini, V. & Swami, N. S. Review: Microbial analysis in dielectrophoretic microfluidic systems. Anal. Chim. Acta 966, 11\u201333 (2017).","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"59587_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05886A","volume":"10","author":"Q Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Cao, Z. & Yuan, Y. J. Study on non-bioparticles and: Staphylococcus aureus by dielectrophoresis. RSC Adv. 10, 2598\u20132614 (2020).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"59587_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10010055","author":"X Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Bacterial concentration detection using a PCB-based contactless conductivity sensor. Micromachines https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mi10010055 (2019).","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"59587_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21093007","author":"R Deivasigamani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deivasigamani, R., Maidin, N. N. M., Wee, M. F. M. R., Mohamed, M. A. & Buyong, M. R. Dielectrophoresis prototypic polystyrene particle synchronization toward alive keratinocyte cells for rapid chronic wound healing. Sensors https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21093007 (2021).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"59587_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118671443","volume-title":"Dielectrophoresis\u202f: theory, methodology, and biological applications","author":"R Pethig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pethig, R. Dielectrophoresis\u202f: theory, methodology, and biological applications (John Wiley & Sons, 2017)."},{"key":"59587_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.021403","author":"JP Huang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huang, J. P., Karttunen, M., Yu, K. W. & Dong, L. Dielectrophoresis of charged colloidal suspensions. Phys. Rev. E https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.021403 (2003).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"59587_CR23","unstructured":"Chan, C. L., Zalifah, M. K. & Norrakiah, A. S. Microbiological and physicochemical quality of drinking water. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 11 (2007)."},{"key":"59587_CR24","unstructured":"Weidner, G. S. S. N. G.-E. M. A. D. A. C. A. B. B. M. G. J. I. V. L. Z. L. J. M. O. M. L. M. A. N. T. R. O. J. T. J. Assay Guidance Manual. (2010)."},{"key":"59587_CR25","unstructured":"Cder, F. D. A. Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry. (2018)."},{"key":"59587_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1108\/MI-04-2020-0023","volume":"37","author":"MR Buyong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buyong, M. R. et al. Implementation of capacitance as simultaneous sensing and actuating tool in tapered microelectrode arrays for dielectrophoresis-on-a-chip application. Microelectron. Int. 37, 215\u2013224 (2020).","journal-title":"Microelectron. Int."},{"key":"59587_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farasat, M., Aalaei, E., Ronizi, S. K., Bakhshi, A. & Mirhosseini, S. Signal-Based Methods in Dielectrophoresis for Cell and Particle Separation. (2022).","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202206.0261.v1"},{"key":"59587_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pethig, R. Publisher\u2019s note: \u201cReview article\u2014Dielectrophoresis: Status of the theory, technology, and applications\u201d. Biomicrofluidics 4, 1\u201335 (2010).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3456626"},{"key":"59587_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5394(01)00117-7","volume":"54","author":"G Pucihar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pucihar, G., Kotnik, T., Kandu\u0161er, M. & Miklav\u010di\u010d, D. The influence of medium conductivity on electropermeabilization and survival of cells in vitro. Bioelectrochemistry 54, 107\u2013115 (2001).","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"59587_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4252","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200500068","volume":"26","author":"F Aldaeus","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aldaeus, F., Lin, Y., Roeraade, J. & Amberg, G. Superpositioned dielectrophoresis for enhanced trapping efficiency. Electrophoresis 26, 4252\u20134259 (2005).","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"59587_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nsg.12058","author":"A Mellage","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mellage, A. et al. Bacterial stern layer diffusion\u202f: Experimental determination with spectral induced polarization and sensitivity to nitrite toxicity. Near Surface Geophysics https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nsg.12058 (2019).","journal-title":"Near Surface Geophysics"},{"key":"59587_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-1682-6-4","volume":"6","author":"JA Myers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Myers, J. A., Curtis, B. S. & Curtis, W. R. Improving accuracy of cell and chromophore concentration measurements using optical density. BMC Biophys. 6, 1\u201320 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Biophys."},{"key":"59587_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02336-09","volume":"76","author":"EG Biesta-peters","year":"2010","unstructured":"Biesta-peters, E. G., Reij, M. W., Joosten, H., Gorris, L. G. M. & Zwietering, M. H. Comparison of two optical-density-based methods and a plate count method for estimation of growth parameters of Bacillus cereus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 1399\u20131405 (2010).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"59587_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S146748","volume":"10","author":"AB Garc\u00eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A. B., Vi\u00f1uela-Prieto, J. M., L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez, L. & Candel, F. J. Correlation between resistance mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus and cell wall and septum thickening. Infect. Drug Resist. 10, 353\u2013356 (2017).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"59587_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05886A","volume":"10","author":"Q Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Cao, Z. & Yuan, Y. J. Study on non-bioparticles and Staphylococcus aureus by dielectrophoresis. RSC Adv. 10, 2598\u20132614 (2020).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"59587_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/365025","author":"ML Pla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pla, M. L., Oltra, S., Esteban, M. D., Andreu, S. & Palop, A. Comparison of primary models to predict microbial growth by the plate count and absorbance methods. Biomed. Res. Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/365025 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"59587_CR37","first-page":"281","volume":"17","author":"AZA Rozaini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rozaini, A. Z. A. et al. Characterization of 20 \u03bcm Dielectrophoretic Interelectrode Gap for Staphylococcus Aureus Rapid Detection Application. Int. J. Nanoelectron. Mater. 17, 281\u2013286 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanoelectron. Mater."},{"key":"59587_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dukhin, A. S., Ulberg, Z. R., Gruzina, T. G. & Karamushka, V. I. Peculiarities of live cells\u2019 interaction with micro- and nanoparticles. In Colloid and Interface Science in Pharmaceutical Research and Development 193\u2013222 (Elsevier Inc., 2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-62614-1.00010-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62614-1.00010-7"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59587-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59587-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59587-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T12:35:39Z","timestamp":1787056539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59587-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-59587-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}}],"article-number":"25903"}}