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WGO was nanoencapsulated and characterized for its colloidal properties, revealing desirable physicochemical attributes (spherical nanoparticles; size 173.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.51\u00a0nm; zeta potential 14.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u00a0mV; PDI 0.39\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01) and strong in vitro antioxidant activity. To evaluate tissue injury, hematological parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs accumulated primarily in the lung and spleen, causing dose-dependent biochemical changes and immunomodulatory disruptions, such as increased TBARS and NO levels, DNA damage, and depletion of antioxidant enzymes. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed significant tissue damage. Co-administration of WGO mitigated these effects, with the nanoencapsulated form showing superior protection over the free form. Thus, nanoencapsulated WGO effectively counters TiO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NP-induced pulmonary and splenic toxicity, likely via enhanced antioxidant and immunomodulatory actions, highlighting its promise as a therapeutic approach in nanotoxicology, occupational health, and food safety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59659-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:15:02Z","timestamp":1783538102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative attenuation of TiO\u2082 nanoparticle dose-dependent toxicities in lung, spleen, and blood by nanoencapsulated wheat germ oil in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nagat D.","family":"Kotb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marium M.","family":"Shamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabah G.","family":"El-Banna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"59659_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-015-0449-z","volume":"6","author":"K Anandalakshmi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anandalakshmi, K., Venugobal, J. & Ramasamy, V. 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