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In\n                    <jats:italic>Prunus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, this system is governed by the multiallelic\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -locus, which contains the\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -haplotype-specific F-box (SFB) and\n                    <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. Accurate determination of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -haplotypes is important for fruit breeding and orchard design and has traditionally relied on PCR-based analysis. However, PCR-based methods, combined with the partial sequencing of many\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -alleles, may lead to ambiguous or incorrect allele identification. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has generated numerous apricot genome datasets and revealed additional self-incompatibility alleles, yet\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -locus genotypes remain unknown for many accessions. Here, we present a high-resolution NGS-based approach for\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -locus genotyping based on genome filtering, mapping to a synthetic reference sequence, and automated\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -allele calling. This approach is not intended to replace routine PCR-based\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -genotyping, but rather to complement it in cases requiring sequence-level validation, clarification of ambiguous genotypes, or identification of previously uncharacterized alleles. Using this approach,\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -haplotypes were inferred in 226 apricot cultivars, including 187 new genotype assignments, 30 confirmations of previously reported genotypes, and 9 cases that differed from previous reports. These results expanded the available information on pollination requirements to 422 apricot varieties. Sequence-based comparison of reported alleles documented 22 potential cases of synonymy and 20 cases of homonymy and supported the curation of 52\n                    <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 28\n                    <jats:italic>SFB<\/jats:italic>\n                    allele groups, increasing the number of reconstructed complete\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -loci from 11 to 19. Furthermore, 129 cultivars were identified as carrying the\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>c<\/jats:sub>\n                    haplotype associated with self-compatibility. Overall, this study provides a high-resolution framework for apricot\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    -locus genotyping and a sequence-based resource to support future community efforts toward nomenclature harmonization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59797-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:32:53Z","timestamp":1787740373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A next-generation sequencing approach for high-resolution S-locus genotyping in apricot"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-0431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Lora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2707-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-7444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 I.","family":"Hormaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8321-1764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Rodrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afif","family":"Hedhly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"59797_CR1","unstructured":"FAOSTAT. 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