{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:01:00Z","timestamp":1790845260890,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Educational Psychology Research Team of Guandong University of Education","award":["2024KYCXTD009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KYCXTD009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prominent mental health issue among adolescents. Cumulative ecological risk, defined as concurrent stressors across family, school, and peer systems, has been identified as a key risk factor. However, the underlying mechanisms and protective factors in this relationship have not been fully explored. This study explores the longitudinal relationship between cumulative ecological risk and NSSI, focusing on the serial mediating roles of self-compassion and depressive symptoms, as well as the moderating role of positive stress beliefs. Participants were 742 Chinese adolescents (52.7% female; Mage at Wave 1 = 13.4 years) from a two-wave longitudinal study with data spanning 1 year. Results indicated that cumulative ecological risk indirectly influenced NSSI through the sequential pathway of self-compassion followed by depressive symptoms. Furthermore, positive stress beliefs functioned as a conditional protective factor: they amplified the protective effect of self-compassion on NSSI, and they attenuated the positive association between depressive symptoms and NSSI. This study elucidates the possible mechanisms from cumulative ecological risk to adolescent NSSI, and identifies positive stress beliefs as a protective factor, offering implications for prevention and intervention. Directions for future research are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59848-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:13:58Z","timestamp":1783016038000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between cumulative ecological risk and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI): a moderated mediation model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nini","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9415-9087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaojie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"59848_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.091","volume":"339","author":"L De Luca","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Luca, L. et al. The development of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) during adolescence: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. J. Aff. Dis. 339, 648\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.091 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Aff. Dis."},{"key":"59848_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S545595","volume":"18","author":"J Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Hu, S., Wu, H., Wang, S. & Gong, J. From thoughts to actions: a longitudinal examination of nssi risk factors in adolescence. Psychol. Res. Behave. Manage. 18, 1915\u20131930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S545595 (2025).","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behave. Manage."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02066-8","volume":"54","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, Q., Liang, Y., Gao, Y. & Liu, X. Social support and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents: The differential influences of family, friends, and teachers. J.Youth. and Adoles. 54(2), 414\u2013425. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-024-02066-8 (2025).","journal-title":"J.Youth. and Adoles."},{"key":"59848_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912441","volume":"13","author":"Q Xiao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D. & Huang, X. Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Front. Psychiatr. 13, 912441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912441 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"59848_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100794","volume":"37","author":"D Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu, D. et al. Non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese population: A scoping review of prevalence, method, risk factors and preventive interventions. Lancet Reg. Health. Western Pacific 37, 100794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100794 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health. Western Pacific"},{"key":"59848_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-6-10","volume":"6","author":"JJ Muehlenkamp","year":"2012","unstructured":"Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L. & Plener, P. L. International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Mental Health 6, 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1753-2000-6-10 (2012).","journal-title":"Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Mental Health"},{"key":"59848_CR7","unstructured":"Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. The ecology of developmental processes. In Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (Eds. Damon, W. & Lerner R. M.), 5th ed. 993\u20131028 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998)."},{"key":"59848_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.03.015","volume":"49","author":"J Martin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martin, J. et al. Family-based risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury: Considering influences of maltreatment, adverse family-life experiences, and parent-child relational risk. J. Adolesc. 49, 170\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2016.03.015 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"59848_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.11.003","volume":"41","author":"N Madjar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madjar, N. et al. Non-suicidal self-injury within the school context: Multilevel analysis of teachers\u2019 support and peer climate. European Psychiatr. J. Assoc. European Psychiatr. 41, 95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.11.003 (2017).","journal-title":"European Psychiatr. J. Assoc. European Psychiatr."},{"key":"59848_CR10","unstructured":"Sameroff, A. J., & Fiese, B. H. Models of development and developmental risk. In C. H. Zeanah, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (2nd ed., pp. 3\u201319). The Guilford Press. (2009)"},{"key":"59848_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-011-0040-y","volume":"2","author":"F Raes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raes, F. The Effect of Self-Compassion on the Development of Depression Symptoms in a Non-Clinical Sample. Mindfulness 2, 33\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-011-0040-y (2011).","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"4","key":"59848_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000564","volume":"25","author":"M Rutter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rutter, M. Developmental psychopathology: A paradigm shift or just a relabeling?. Dev. Psychopathol. 25(4), 1201\u20131213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579413000564 (2013).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0767-9","volume":"19","author":"RC Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown, R. C. & Plener, P. L. Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence. Current. Psych. Rep. 19(3), 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-017-0767-9 (2017).","journal-title":"Current. Psych. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"59848_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031808","volume":"139","author":"GW Evans","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans, G. W., Li, D. & Whipple, S. S. Cumulative risk and child development. Psychol. Bull. 139(6), 1342\u20131396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0031808 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00351.x","volume":"46","author":"K Appleyard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H. & Sroufe, L. A. When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatr. All. Discipl. 46(3), 235\u2013245 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatr. All. Discipl."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.2.77","volume":"59","author":"GW Evans","year":"2004","unstructured":"Evans, G. W. The environment of childhood poverty. Am. Psychol. 59(2), 77\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.59.2.77 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/NR9.0000000000000023","volume":"2","author":"H Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan, H. & Yue, W. Risk factors, theoretical models, and biological mechanisms of nonsuicidal self-injury: A brief review. Interdis. Nursing. Res. 2(2), 112\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NR9.0000000000000023 (2023).","journal-title":"Interdis. Nursing. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032","volume":"2","author":"KD Neff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neff, K. D. Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Ident. 2(2), 85\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15298860309032 (2003).","journal-title":"Self Ident."},{"key":"59848_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-032420-031047","volume":"74","author":"KD Neff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neff, K. D. Self-Compassion: theory, method, research, and intervention. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 74, 193\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-032420-031047 (2023).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000071","volume":"62","author":"JR Joeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joeng, J. R. & Turner, S. L. Mediators between self-criticism and depression: Fear of compassion, self-compassion, and importance to others. J. Coun. Psychol. 62(3), 453\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/cou0000071 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Coun. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.30.1.60","volume":"30","author":"EJ Marshall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marshall, E. J. & Brockman, R. N. The relationships between psychological flexibility, self-compassion, and emotional well-being. J. Cognit. Psychother. 30(1), 60\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0889-8391.30.1.60 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cognit. Psychother."},{"key":"59848_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105993","volume":"136","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, J., Liu, S., Luo, J., Li, X. & You, J. The effects of childhood abuse, depression, and self-compassion on adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: A moderated mediation model. Child. Abuse. Neglect. 136, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105993 (2023).","journal-title":"Child. Abuse. Neglect."},{"key":"59848_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasking, P. Self-co mpassion and non-suicidal self-injury. In Handbook of self-compassion (Eds. Finlay-Jones, A., Bluth, K., & Neff, K.) 369-378 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-22348-8_21 (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22348-8_21"},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2021.1922109","volume":"26","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo, J., Gao, Q., Wu, R., Ying, J. & You, J. Parental psychological control, parent-related loneliness, depressive symptoms, and regulatory emotional self-efficacy: A moderated serial mediation model of nonsuicidal self-injury. Archi. Sui. Res. Official J. Intern. Acad. Sui. Res. 26(3), 1462\u20131477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811118.2021.1922109 (2022).","journal-title":"Archi. Sui. Res. Official J. Intern. Acad. Sui. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2012-0010","volume":"2","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2014","unstructured":"VanderWeele, T. J. & Vansteelandt, S. Mediation analysis with multiple mediators. Epidemiol. Method. 2(1), 95\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/em-2012-0010 (2014).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Method."},{"key":"59848_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22348-8_6","volume-title":"Handbook of self-compassion","author":"K Bluth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bluth, K. & Clepper-Faith, M. Self-compassion in adolescence. In Handbook of self-compassion (eds Finlay-Jones, A. et al.) 89\u2013107 (Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2023)."},{"key":"59848_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S417258","volume":"16","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Liu, X., Liu, J. & Wang, H. The effects of self-criticism and self-compassion on adolescents\u2019 depressive symptoms and nonsuicidal self-injury. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manage. 16, 3219\u20133230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S417258 (2023).","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manage."},{"key":"59848_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-019-01134-6","volume":"10","author":"M Ferrari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferrari, M. et al. Self-Compassion Interventions and Psychosocial Outcomes: a Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness 10, 1455\u20131473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-019-01134-6 (2019).","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"11","key":"59848_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371405901101","volume":"59","author":"ED Klonsky","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E. & Saffer, B. Y. Nonsuicidal self-injury: What we know, and what we need to know. Canad. J. Psych. 59(11), 565\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674371405901101 (2014).","journal-title":"Canad. J. Psych."},{"key":"59848_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-023-02169-6","volume":"14","author":"Q Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, Q. et al. The mutual relationship between self-compassion, perceived social support, and adolescent NSSI: A three-wave longitudinal study. Mindfulness 14, 1940\u20131950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02169-6 (2023).","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13211","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.13211","volume":"50","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, S., Qi, Q., Zeng, Z. & Hu, Y. Cumulative ecological risk and nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescents: The mediation of depression and the moderation of impulsiveness. Child. Care. Health Dev. 50(1), e13211 (2024).","journal-title":"Child. Care. Health Dev."},{"key":"59848_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Beyers, W Parenting adolescents. In Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (Ed. Bornstein, M. H.) 3rd eds 111\u2013167 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429440847-4 (Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019).","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429440847-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0208","volume":"18","author":"HJ Huh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huh, H. J. et al. Perceived stress, positive resources and their interactions as possible related factors for depressive symptoms. Psych. Invest. 18(1), 59\u201368 (2021).","journal-title":"Psych. Invest."},{"issue":"4","key":"59848_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/00050067.2023.2290734","volume":"59","author":"TE Johnston","year":"2024","unstructured":"Johnston, T. E. et al. The role of emotion beliefs in depression, anxiety, and stress. Aust. Psychol. 59(4), 367\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00050067.2023.2290734 (2024).","journal-title":"Aust. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000893","volume":"151","author":"JP Jamieson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jamieson, J. P. et al. Reappraising stress arousal improves affective, neuroendocrine, and academic performance outcomes in community college classrooms. J.Exp. Psychol. Gen. 151(1), 197\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/xge0000893 (2022).","journal-title":"J.Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025719","volume":"141","author":"JP Jamieson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K. & Mendes, W. B. Mind over matter: reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress. J.Exp. Psychol. Gen. 141(3), 417\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025719 (2012).","journal-title":"J.Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"issue":"5","key":"59848_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.07.006","volume":"69","author":"KR Kuhlman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuhlman, K. R., Straka, K., Mousavi, Z., Tran, M. L. & Rodgers, E. Predictors of adolescent resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cognitive reappraisal and humor. J. Adoles. Health. Offi. Public. Soc. Adoles. Med. 69(5), 729\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.07.006 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Adoles. Health. Offi. Public. Soc. Adoles. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"59848_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2016.1275585","volume":"30","author":"AJ Crum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crum, A. J., Akinola, M., Martin, A. & Fath, S. The role of stress mindset in shaping cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to challenging and threatening stress. Anxiety. Stress. Coping. 30(4), 379\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2016.1275585 (2017).","journal-title":"Anxiety. Stress. Coping."},{"key":"59848_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612792","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.612792","volume":"12","author":"J Mettler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mettler, J., Stern, M., Lewis, S. P. & Heath, N. L. Perceived vs actual emotion reactivity and regulation in individuals with and without a history of NSSI. Front. Psychol. 12, 612792 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"59848_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.951717","volume":"10","author":"Y Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, Y. et al. Perceived stress and depressive symptoms among Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model of biorhythm and ego resilience. Front. Publ. Health 10, 951717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.951717 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Publ. Health"},{"key":"59848_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.04.012","volume":"39","author":"I Perini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perini, I., Zetterqvist, M. & Mayo, L. M. Beyond distress: A role for positive affect in nonsuicidal self-injury. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 39, 209\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.04.012 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"59848_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-022-01958-9","volume":"13","author":"X Lou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lou, X., Wang, H. & Minkov, M. The correlation between self-compassion and depression revisited: A three-level meta-analysis. Mindfulness 13(9), 2128\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-022-01958-9 (2022).","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"key":"59848_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115329","volume":"326","author":"MK Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin, M. K. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors related to non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents. Psych. Res. 326, 115329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115329 (2023).","journal-title":"Psych. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"59848_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00820.x","volume":"75","author":"JM Gerard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gerard, J. M. & Buehler, C. Cumulative environmental risk and youth maladjustment: The role of youth attributes. Child. Develop. 75(6), 1832\u20131849 (2004).","journal-title":"Child. Develop."},{"issue":"12","key":"59848_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2016.01519","volume":"48","author":"D Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, D., Zhou, Y., Zhao, L., Wang, Y. & Sun, W. Cumulative ecological risk and adolescent internet addiction: The mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction and positive outcome expectancy. Acta. Psychol. Sinica. 48(12), 1519\u20131537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2016.01519 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta. Psychol. Sinica."},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.15.3.355","volume":"15","author":"PR Amato","year":"2001","unstructured":"Amato, P. R. Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. J. Family Psychol. 15(3), 355\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0893-3200.15.3.355 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Family Psychol."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.1990.00199.x","volume":"29","author":"RH Moos","year":"1990","unstructured":"Moos, R. H. Conceptual and empirical approaches to developing family-based assessment procedures: resolving the case of the Family Environment Scale. Family proc. 29(2), 199\u2013211 (1990).","journal-title":"Family proc."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR48","first-page":"303","volume":"15","author":"G Smilkstein","year":"1982","unstructured":"Smilkstein, G., Ashworth, C. & Montano, D. Validity and reliability of the family APGAR as a test of family function. J. Family pract. 15(2), 303\u2013311 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Family pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"59848_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01085.x","volume":"78","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M. & Chen, H. The role of parents\u2019 control in early adolescents\u2019 psychological functioning: a longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child. Develop. 78(5), 1592\u20131610 (2007).","journal-title":"Child. Develop."},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9929-1","volume":"43","author":"MS Birkeland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Birkeland, M. S., Breivik, K. & Wold, B. Peer acceptance protects global self-esteem from negative effects of low closeness to parents during adolescence and early adulthood. J. Youth. Adoles. 43(1), 70\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-013-9929-1 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Youth. Adoles."},{"issue":"4","key":"59848_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2005.00373.x","volume":"70","author":"BK Barber","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., Olsen, J. A., Collins, A. & Burchinal, M. Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control assessing relevance across time, culture, and method Abstract. Monog. Soc. Res. in Child Dev. 70(4), 125\u2013137 (2005).","journal-title":"Monog. Soc. Res. in Child Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.36.3.366","volume":"36","author":"M Kerr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kerr, M. & Stattin, H. What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Develop. Psychol. 36(3), 366\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0012-1649.36.3.366 (2000).","journal-title":"Develop. Psychol."},{"key":"59848_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.04.002","volume":"28","author":"M-T Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, M.-T. & Eccles, J. S. School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective. Learn. Instr. 28, 12\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.04.002 (2013).","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"59848_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wentzel, K. R. Students\u2019 relationships with teachers as motivational contexts. In Handbook of motivation at school (Eds. Wenzel, K. R. & Wigfield, A.), (pp. 301\u2013322) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203879498 (Routledge\/Taylor & Francis Group, 2009).","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203879498"},{"key":"59848_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431699019003003","volume":"19","author":"KT Bosworth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bosworth, K. T., Espelage, D. L. & Simon, T. R. Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students. J. Early. Adoles. 19, 341\u2013362 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Early. Adoles."},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2012.00746.x","volume":"83","author":"SB Mehta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mehta, S. B., Cornell, D., Fan, X. & Gregory, A. Bullying climate and school engagement in Ninth-grade students. J. School Health 83(1), 45\u201352 (2013).","journal-title":"J. School Health"},{"key":"59848_CR57","unstructured":"Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. G. Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (Eds. Damon, W. & Lerner, R. M.), 6th ed. 571-645 (John Wiley & Sons, 2009)"},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/089826439300500202","volume":"5","author":"FJ Kohout","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kohout, F. J., Berkman, L. F., Evans, D. A. & Cornoni-Huntley, J. Two shorter forms of the CES-D Depression Symptoms Index. J. Aging. Health. 5(2), 179\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/089826439300500202 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Aging. Health."},{"issue":"1","key":"59848_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/str0000047","volume":"25","author":"JAC Laferton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laferton, J. A. C., Stenzel, N. M. & Fischer, S. The beliefs about stress scale (BASS): Development, reliability, and validity. Int. J. Stress Manage. 25(1), 72\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/str0000047 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manage."},{"issue":"4","key":"59848_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012779403943","volume":"23","author":"KL Gratz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gratz, K. L. Measurement of deliberate self-harm: Preliminary data on the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. J. Psychop. Behav. Assess. 23(4), 253\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1012779403943 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Psychop. Behav. Assess."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105318805820","volume":"26","author":"D Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, D. et al. Uncertainty stress, social capital, and suicidal ideation among Chinese medical students: Findings from a 22-university survey. J. Health. Psychol. 26(2), 214\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105318805820 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Health. Psychol."},{"key":"59848_CR62","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (4th ed.). Guilford Press. (2022)"},{"key":"59848_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"LT Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equat. Model. 6, 1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705519909540118 (1999).","journal-title":"Struct. Equat. Model."},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.03.005","volume":"44","author":"AL Chapman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L. & Brown, M. Z. Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behav. Res. Therapy. 44(3), 371\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2005.03.005 (2006).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Therapy."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x","volume":"18","author":"MK Nock","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nock, M. K. Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 18(2), 78\u201383 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"59848_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-07409-4","volume":"15","author":"Z Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, Z. et al. Coping styles moderate stress pathways to suicidal ideation in clinic-based sample of Chinese adolescents with depression. Sci. Rep. 15, 22963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-07409-4 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"59848_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.27","volume":"212","author":"JD Ribeiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ribeiro, J. D., Huang, X., Fox, K. R. & Franklin, J. C. Depression and hopelessness as risk factors for suicide ideation, attempts and death: meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. British. J. Psych. 212(5), 279\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2018.27 (2018).","journal-title":"British. J. Psych."},{"key":"59848_CR68","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal, and coping","author":"RS Lazarus","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. Stress, appraisal, and coping (Springer, 1984)."},{"issue":"2","key":"59848_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202","volume":"2","author":"D. C., & Ozer, D. J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Funder & D. C., & Ozer, D. J,. Evaluating effect size in psychological research: sense and nonsense. Adv. in Meth. Prac. Psychol. Sci. 2(2), 156\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245919847202 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. in Meth. Prac. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"59848_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.06.043","volume":"338","author":"LA Haliczer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haliczer, L. A. & Dixon-Gordon, K. L. Social stressors, emotional responses, and NSSI urges and behaviors in daily life. J. Affec. Disord. 338, 601\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.06.043 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Affec. Disord."},{"key":"59848_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Han, A., & Kim, T. H. Effects of self-compassion interventions on reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress: a meta-analysis. mindfulness, 1\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12671-023-02148-x (Advance online publication, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-023-02148-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"59848_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02087-3","volume":"54","author":"X Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, X., Cui, L. & Yang, Y. The developmental trajectory of Chinese adolescents\u2019 self-compassion and its relationship with parenting styles: A longitudinal study. J. Youth Adolesc. 54(3), 665\u2013681. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-024-02087-3 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"59848_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-024-07276-8","volume":"44","author":"J Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, J. & Yang, L. Parental psychological control, state self-compassion, and depression in adolescents: Direct and indirect associations among developmental trajectories. Current. Psychol. 44, 1906\u20131919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-024-07276-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Current. Psychol."},{"key":"59848_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H., & Alan Sroufe, L. When more is not better: The role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 46(3), 235\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00351.x  (2005).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00351.x"},{"key":"59848_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neff, K. D., & McGehee, D. V. Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15298860902979307. (2010).","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860902979307"},{"key":"59848_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, N., Hou, Y., Wang, Q., & Yu, C. Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Aspirations in Chinese Families: Identifying Mediators and Moderators. Journal of youth and adolescence, 47(6), 1238\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-018-0820-y  (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-018-0820-y"},{"key":"59848_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prinstein, M. J. Moderators of Peer Contagion: A Longitudinal Examination of Depression Socialization Between Adolescents and Their Best Friends. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36(2), 159\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15374410701274934 (2007).","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701274934"},{"key":"59848_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sameroff, A. J. Developmental Systems and Psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 297\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579400003035 (2000).","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400003035"},{"key":"59848_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self\u2010compassion scale. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 18(3), 250\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.702 (2011).","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702"},{"key":"59848_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18(3), 233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x (2007).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x"},{"key":"59848_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoemann, A. M., Boulton, A. J., & Short, S. D. Determining power and sample size for simple and complex mediation models. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 379\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550617715068 (2017).","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617715068"},{"key":"59848_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoemmes, F., MacKinnon, D. P., & Reiser, M. R. Power analysis for complex mediational designs using Monte Carlo methods. Structural Equation Modeling, 17(3), 510\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2010.489379 (2010).","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2010.489379"},{"key":"59848_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donnelly, S., Jorgensen, T. D., & Rudolph, C. W. Power analysis for conditional indirect effects: A tutorial for conducting Monte Carlo simulations with categorical exogenous variables. Behavior Research Methods, 55(7), 3892\u20133909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-022-01996-0 (2023).","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01996-0"},{"key":"59848_CR85","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (1988)."},{"key":"59848_CR86","unstructured":"Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage  (1991)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59848-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59848-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59848-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:36:35Z","timestamp":1790843795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59848-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-59848-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Review and approval for the study procedures were obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Guangdong University of Education prior to study onset. Prior to data collection, parents or legal guardians of all participating students were informed about the study through written notifications distributed by the schools. The notifications described the study purpose, procedures, confidentiality and anonymity protections, and the voluntary nature of participation, and explicitly stated that parents or legal guardians could decline their child\u2019s participation by notifying the school or the research team. A passive (opt-out) parental informed consent procedure was adopted, and only students whose parents or legal guardians did not express refusal were included in the study. In addition, assent was obtained from all student participants before they completed the questionnaires.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30481"}}