{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:17:46Z","timestamp":1788362266987,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Limited is known about how the components of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter\u2009&lt;\u20092.5\u00a0\u03bcm (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) are related to congenital heart disease (CHD). We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between exposure to PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    components during early pregnancy and the risk of CHD. This study included 2,601,300 live births and stillbirths in Guangdong, China from 2014 to 2017. Satellite remote sensing data of PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    components were collected, including organic matter (OM), sulfate (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${\\text{S}\\text{O}}_{4}^{2-}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), nitrate (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${\\text{N}\\text{O}}_{3}^{-}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), ammonium (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${\\text{N}\\text{H}}_{4}^{+}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), and black carbon (BC). Unconditional logistic regression models were constructed to estimate the relationship of each PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    component to CHD. The quantile g-computation method was used to evaluate the contribution weight of each PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    component in relation to CHD in the exposure mixture. The estimated effect size of each PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    component peaked in the first week of pregnancy. Among them,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${\\text{S}\\text{O}}_{4}^{2-}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    exhibited the strongest estimated effect (OR: 2.23, 95% CI 2.19\u20132.27), followed by BC (OR: 1.95, 95% CI 1.91\u20131.98). The joint exposure analysis revealed that the estimated weights of\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${\\text{S}\\text{O}}_{4}^{2-}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and BC were 86.78% and 13.22%, respectively. These findings suggest that exposure to PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    components during early pregnancy increases the risk of CHD in the offspring, and\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${\\text{S}\\text{O}}_{4}^{2-}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    may be the primary PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    component responsible for this elevated risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59940-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T13:17:10Z","timestamp":1785244630000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The impact of PM2.5 component exposure during early pregnancy on congenital heart disease: evidence from Guangdong, China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanbing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiming","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixian","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialing","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangming","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"59940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34013-1","volume":"13","author":"Z Yao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yao, Z. et al. Graph matching and deep neural networks based whole heart and great vessel segmentation in congenital heart disease. Sci. Rep. 13, 7558 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59940_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-024-03519-4","volume":"46","author":"BV Higgins","year":"2025","unstructured":"Higgins, B. V. et al. Double jeopardy: A distinct mortality pattern among preterm infants with congenital heart disease. Pediatr. Cardiol. 46, 939\u2013946 (2025).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"59940_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e631","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.631","volume":"5","author":"X Meng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meng, X. et al. Congenital heart disease: Types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Medcomm. 5, e631 (2024).","journal-title":"Medcomm."},{"key":"59940_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06085-w","volume":"184","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of congenital heart disease, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Eur. J. Pediatr. 184, 253 (2025).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"59940_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828300","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.828300","volume":"10","author":"H Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan, H. et al. Prevalence of congenital heart disease in Chinese children with different birth weights and its relationship to the neonatal birth weight. Front. Pediatr. 10, 828300 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"59940_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101249","volume":"43","author":"Z Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, Z. et al. Global, regional, and national time trends in mortality for congenital heart disease, 1990\u20132019: An age-period-cohort analysis for the global burden of disease 2019 study. Eclinicalmedicine. 43, 101249 (2022).","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine."},{"key":"59940_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2394","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2394","volume":"116","author":"NE Forestieri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forestieri, N. E. et al. Survival of children with critical congenital heart defects in the national birth defects prevention study. Birth Defects Res. 116, e2394 (2024).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"59940_CR8","first-page":"185","volume":"40","author":"S Baldacci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baldacci, S. et al. Review of epidemiological studies on individual and environmental risk factors in the aetiology of congenital heart defects. Epidemiol. Prev. 40, 185\u2013196 (2016).","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Prev."},{"key":"59940_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00873-3","volume":"20","author":"T M\u00fcnzel","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00fcnzel, T., S\u00f8rensen, M., Hahad, O., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. & Daiber, A. The contribution of the exposome to the burden of cardiovascular disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 20, 651\u2013669 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"59940_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108076","volume":"178","author":"S Michel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Michel, S., Atmakuri, A. & von Ehrenstein, O. S. Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and congenital heart defects: An umbrella review. Environ. Int. 178, 108076 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"59940_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061245","volume":"147","author":"X Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan, X. et al. Maternal exposure to Pm2. 5 and the risk of congenital heart defects in 1.4 million births: A nationwide surveillance-based study. Circulation 147, 565\u2013574 (2023).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"59940_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120446","volume":"315","author":"C Gong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong, C. et al. Ambient fine particulate matter exposures and human early placental inflammation. Environ. Pollut. 315, 120446 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"59940_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135097","volume":"719","author":"F Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren, F. et al. Ahr-mediated ros production contributes to the cardiac developmental toxicity of Pm2. 5 in Zebrafish embryos. Sci. Total Environ. 719, 135097 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"59940_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135962","volume":"307","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Chen, J., Jiang, Y. & Chen, T. Fine particulate matter induces heart defects via Ahr\/Ros-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chemosphere 307, 135962 (2022).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"59940_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.12.014","volume":"121","author":"L Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, L. et al. Fine PARTICULATE Matter (Pm(2.5)\/Pm(1.0)) in Beijing, China: Variations and chemical compositions as well as sources. J. Environ. Sci. 121, 187\u2013198 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"59940_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanogw.2025.100012","volume":"1","author":"J Duan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan, J. et al. Maternal exposure to Pm2. 5 and the risk of fetal congenital heart defects in China: A Nationwide Nested Case-Control Study. Lancet Obstet. Gynaecol. Women\u2019S Health. 1, e209\u2013e218 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Obstet. Gynaecol. Women\u2019S Health."},{"key":"59940_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Joint Effects of Pm2. 5 Components During Periconception On Offspring Congenital Heart Disease Risk in Chongqing, China. Environ. Pollut. 126973 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.126973"},{"key":"59940_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13774","volume":"514","author":"R Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang, R. et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China. Nature 514, 218\u2013222 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"59940_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907956116","volume":"116","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Drivers of improved Pm2. 5 Air Quality in China From 2013 to 2017. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 116, 24463\u201324469 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"59940_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142772","volume":"765","author":"K Ravindra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravindra, K., Chanana, N. & Mor, S. Exposure to air pollutants and risk of congenital anomalies: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Sci. Total Environ. 765, 142772 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"59940_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030629","volume":"9","author":"H Miao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miao, H. et al. Adverse birth outcomes in Guangdong Province, China, 2014\u20132017: A spatiotemporal analysis of 2.9 million births. BMJ Open 9, e30629 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"59940_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170836","volume":"919","author":"G Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, G. et al. Pollution characteristics, source appointment and environmental effect of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Implication for air quality management. Sci. Total Environ. 919, 170836 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"59940_CR23","unstructured":"Guangdong Provincial Health Commission. Yue Wei An Han [2020] No. 289. (2020) Available at: https:\/\/wsjkw.gd.gov.cn\/zwgk_bmwj\/content\/post_3061177.html (Accessed: 05\u201314 spetember 2026)."},{"key":"59940_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16517","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c06510","volume":"56","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Tracking daily concentrations of Pm2.5 chemical composition in China Since 2000. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56, 16517\u201316527 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"59940_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9187","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-9187-2017","volume":"17","author":"G Geng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Geng, G. et al. Chemical composition of ambient Pm 2.5 over China and relationship to precursor emissions during 2005\u20132012. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 9187\u20139203 (2017).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"59940_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000501906","volume":"47","author":"CMJ Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan, C. M. J. & Lewandowski, A. J. The transitional heart: From early embryonic and fetal development to neonatal life. Fetal. Diagn. Ther. 47, 373\u2013386 (2020).","journal-title":"Fetal. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"59940_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116154","volume":"231","author":"Y Chang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang, Y., Lin, Y., Jung, C., Chen, K. & Hwang, B. Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter and congenital heart defects during preconception and pregnancy period: A cohort-based case-control study in the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database. Environ. Res. 231, 116154 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"59940_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.284","volume":"655","author":"C Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, C., Chen, B., Pan, S., Ho, Y. & Guo, Y. L. Prenatal exposure to Pm2.5 and congenital heart diseases in Taiwan. Sci. Total Environ. 655, 880\u2013886 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"59940_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2016.1","volume":"26","author":"B Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, B. et al. Maternal exposure to air pollutant Pm2.5 and Pm10 during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects. J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 26, 422\u2013427 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Expos. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"59940_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5838","volume":"128","author":"AP Keil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keil, A. P. et al. A quantile-based G-computation approach to addressing the effects of exposure mixtures. Environ. Health. Perspect. 128, 47004 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Perspect."},{"key":"59940_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143821","volume":"757","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Associations between weekly air pollution exposure and congenital heart disease. Sci. Total Environ. 757, 143821 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"59940_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106548","volume":"153","author":"B Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, B. et al. Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution and congenital heart defects in China. Environ. Int. 153, 106548 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"59940_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003881","volume":"17","author":"KC Hall","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hall, K. C. & Robinson, J. C. Association between maternal exposure to pollutant particulate matter 2.5 and congenital heart defects: A systematic review. Jbi Database Syst. Rev. Implement. Rep. 17, 1695\u20131716 (2019).","journal-title":"Jbi Database Syst. Rev. Implement. Rep."},{"key":"59940_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108816","volume":"132","author":"Z Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter in the air and risk for fetal congenital heart defects: A case-control study. Reprod. Toxicol. 132, 108816 (2025).","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"59940_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13963","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04644-x","volume":"26","author":"L Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan, L., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y. & Tian, Y. Maternal fine particulate matter (Pm2. 5) exposure and adverse birth outcomes: An updated systematic review based on cohort studies. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 26, 13963\u201313983 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"59940_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11465","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03280","volume":"57","author":"Y Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Association of fine particulate matter and its components with Macrosomia: A nationwide birth cohort study of 336 Chinese cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 57, 11465\u201311475 (2023).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"59940_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1585","volume":"46","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Long-term exposure to ambient Pm2.5 and its components associated with diabetes: Evidence from a large population-based cohort from China. Diabetes Care 46, 111\u2013119 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"59940_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62861","DOI":"10.2196\/62861","volume":"11","author":"X Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, X. et al. Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (Pm(2.5)) Components and Precocious Puberty Among School-Aged Children: Cross-Sectional Study. Jmir Public Health Surveill. 11, e62861 (2025).","journal-title":"Jmir Public Health Surveill."},{"key":"59940_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21592-1","volume":"29","author":"S Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, S. et al. Health effects of Pm2. 5 constituents and source contributions in major metropolitan cities South Korea. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29, 82873\u201382887 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"59940_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117577","volume":"286","author":"Y Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong, Y. et al. Source apportionment of Pm2. 5 and sulfate formation during the Covid-19 lockdown in a coastal city of Southeast China. Environ. Pollut. 286, 117577 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"59940_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172928","volume":"934","author":"TA Rajesh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rajesh, T. A. & Ramachandran, S. Atmospheric black carbon aerosol: Long-term characteristics, source apportionment, and trends. Sci. Total Environ. 934, 172928 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"59940_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorini, F. & Tonacci, A. Ambient Air Pollution and Congenital Heart Disease: Updated Evidence and Future Challenges. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 14, (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010048"},{"key":"59940_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1779620","volume":"41","author":"E Okulu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okulu, E. et al. Effect of antenatal magnesium sulfate exposure on patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. Am. J. Perinatol. 41, 1665\u20131672 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"59940_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e353","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-3400316","volume":"9","author":"A Qasim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qasim, A., Jain, S. K. & Aly, A. M. Antenatal magnesium sulfate exposure and hemodynamically significant patent Ductus arteriosus in premature infants. Ajp Rep. 9, e353\u2013e356 (2019).","journal-title":"Ajp Rep."},{"key":"59940_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135989","volume":"707","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. The acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on circulating inflammatory biomarkers in healthy adults. Sci. Total Environ. 707, 135989 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"59940_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, M., Chang, C., Liou, H. & Fang, Y. Inverted U-Curve Association Between Serum Indoxyl Sulfate Levels and Cardiovascular Events in Patients On Chronic Hemodialysis. J. Clin. Med. 10, (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040744"},{"key":"59940_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.06.027","volume":"119","author":"Y Niu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niu, Y. et al. Fine particulate matter constituents and stress hormones in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Environ. Int. 119, 186\u2013192 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"59940_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11654-3","volume":"10","author":"H Bov\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bov\u00e9, H. et al. Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta. Nat. Commun. 10, 3866 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"59940_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.120214","volume":"263","author":"JL Millen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Millen, J. L. et al. Alterations in the placental proteome in association with the presence of black carbon particles: A discovery study. Environ. Res. 263, 120214 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"59940_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103982","volume":"120","author":"SC Fang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fang, S. C. et al. Residential black carbon exposure and circulating markers of systemic inflammation in elderly males: The normative aging study. Environ. Health. Perspect. 120, 674\u2013680 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Perspect."},{"key":"59940_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-024-01381-y","volume":"50","author":"F Saputra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saputra, F., Hu, S. & Kishida, M. Exposure to nitrate and nitrite disrupts cardiovascular development through estrogen receptor in Zebrafish embryos and larvae. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 50, 2165\u20132178 (2024).","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"59940_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab192","volume":"51","author":"T Michikawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Michikawa, T. et al. Maternal exposure to fine particulate matter over the first trimester and umbilical cord insertion abnormalities. Int. J. Epidemiol. 51, 191\u2013201 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"59940_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124968","volume":"362","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Synthesis of satellite and ground data provide unique perspectives for discovering the air pollution patterns: A case study in Guangdong Province China. Environ. Pollut. 362, 124968 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59940-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59940-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59940-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:46:20Z","timestamp":1788360380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59940-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-59940-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital (approval number: 20251093) on August 1st, 2025. The authors declare that this study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The need for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee review board of Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, because only routine birth data in the birth registry system were used and the patients\/the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of our research. All data were anonymized.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"27543"}}