{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:49:35Z","timestamp":1791416975435,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":100,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-59997-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T08:15:01Z","timestamp":1782807301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adherence to the dietary index for gut microbiota is associated with lower cardiometabolic dysregulation in type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mahla","family":"Chambari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daban K.","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howra","family":"Mahmoodnasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ladan Alizadeh","family":"Lemani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roksaneh","family":"Amiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasaman","family":"Sattarpasand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sedighe","family":"Abasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kowsar","family":"Hasanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bootan Abdulqader","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Eskandarioun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"59997_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","volume":"138","author":"NH Cho","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cho, N. H. et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 138, 271\u2013281 (2018).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"59997_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031094","volume":"26","author":"E M\u0142ynarska","year":"2025","unstructured":"M\u0142ynarska, E. et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: new pathogenetic mechanisms, treatment and the most important complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26, 1094 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"59997_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-022-01462-3","volume":"22","author":"N DeForest","year":"2022","unstructured":"DeForest, N. & Majithia, A. R. Genetics of type 2 diabetes: implications from large-scale studies. Curr. Diab. Rep. 22, 227\u2013235 (2022).","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"59997_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S005","volume":"47","author":"D Care","year":"2024","unstructured":"Care, D. Standards of care in diabetes\u20142024. Diabetes Care. 47, S77 (2024).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"59997_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-023-00450-x","volume":"42","author":"F Amirkhizi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amirkhizi, F., Hamedi-Shahraki, S. & Rahimlou, M. Dietary total antioxidant capacity is associated with lower disease severity and inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 42, 104 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"59997_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","volume":"19","author":"Y Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan, Y. & Pedersen, O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19, 55\u201371 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"59997_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurung, M. et al. Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. EBioMedicine 51, 256 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051"},{"key":"59997_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","volume":"165","author":"A Koh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. & B\u00e4ckhed, F. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell 165, 1332\u20131345 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"59997_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00592-6","volume":"18","author":"R Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, R. et al. Gut microbiome, liver immunology, and liver diseases. Cell Mol. Immunol. 18, 4\u201317 (2021).","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"59997_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01801-w","volume":"17","author":"S Meng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Meng, S. et al. The newly proposed dietary index for gut microbiota and its association with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the mediating role of body mass index. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 17, 237 (2025).","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"59997_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.07.016","volume":"185","author":"J Suez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suez, J. et al. Personalized microbiome-driven effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on human glucose tolerance. Cell 185, 3307\u20133328 (2022).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"59997_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2021.39","volume":"10","author":"MAV Hasanloei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hasanloei, M. A. V. et al. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on oxidative stress and clinical outcomes in patients with low levels of coenzyme Q10 admitted to the intensive care unit. J. Nutr. Sci. 10, e48 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"59997_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30218-9","volume":"7","author":"S Del Prato","year":"2019","unstructured":"Del Prato, S. Heterogeneity of diabetes: heralding the era of precision medicine. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 7, 659\u2013661 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"59997_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901846","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.901846","volume":"16","author":"M Rahimlou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rahimlou, M. et al. Probiotic supplementation and systemic inflammation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front. NeuroSci. 16, 901846 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. NeuroSci."},{"key":"59997_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad445","volume":"44","author":"F Cosentino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cosentino, F. et al. Cardiometabolic risk management: insights from a European society of cardiology cardiovascular round table. Eur. Heart J. 44, 4141\u20134156 (2023).","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"59997_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.9.2289","volume":"28","author":"R Kahn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kahn, R., Buse, J., Ferrannini, E. & Stern, M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal: joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes care. 28, 2289\u20132304 (2005).","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"key":"59997_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13379-z","volume":"7","author":"A Esteghamati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Esteghamati, A. et al. Diabetes in Iran: prospective analysis from first nationwide diabetes report of National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD-2016). Sci. Rep. 7, 13461 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59997_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57416-0","volume":"14","author":"M Rahimlou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahimlou, M. et al. Polyphenol consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk in adults. Sci. Rep. 14, 6752 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59997_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002","volume":"47","author":"2","year":"2024","unstructured":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 47, S20\u2013s42 (2024).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"59997_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294183","volume":"65","author":"DG Bonett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonett, D. G. & Wright, T. A. Sample size requirements for estimating pearson, kendall and spearman correlations. Psychometrika 65, 23\u201328 (2000).","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"59997_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39339.610000.BE","volume":"335","author":"MD Goodyear","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goodyear, M. D., Krleza-Jeric, K. & Lemmens, T. The declaration of Helsinki. Bmj 335, 624\u2013625 (2007).","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"59997_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009991698","volume":"13","author":"P Mirmiran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mirmiran, P., Esfahani, F. H., Mehrabi, Y., Hedayati, M. & Azizi, F. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public. Health Nutr. 13, 654\u2013662 (2010).","journal-title":"Public. Health Nutr."},{"key":"59997_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20090083","volume":"20","author":"FH Esfahani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Esfahani, F. H., Asghari, G., Mirmiran, P. & Azizi, F. Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. J. Epidemiol. 20, 150\u2013158 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"59997_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kase, B. E. et al. The development and evaluation of a literature-based dietary index for gut microbiota. Nutrients 16, 586 (2024).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071045"},{"key":"59997_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90854-y","volume":"15","author":"Z Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Gong, C. & Wang, B. The relationship between dietary index for gut microbiota and diabetes. Sci. Rep. 15, 6234 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"59997_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, H., Yang, Y., Xie, Q., Ye, L. & Shao, Y. Linear association of the dietary index for gut microbiota with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in U.S. adults: the mediating role of body mass index and inflammatory markers. Front. Nutr. 12, 2025 (2025).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1557280"},{"key":"59997_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348","volume":"124","author":"MA Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez, M. A., Gea, A. & Ruiz-Canela, M. The Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular health: a critical review. Circul. Res. 124, 779\u2013798 (2019).","journal-title":"Circul. Res."},{"key":"59997_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","volume":"17","author":"N Shivappa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shivappa, N., Steck, S. E., Hurley, T. G., Hussey, J. R. & H\u00e9bert, J. R. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health. Nutr. 17, 1689\u20131696 (2014).","journal-title":"Public Health. Nutr."},{"key":"59997_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2709","volume":"44","author":"PC Vinke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vinke, P. C., Navis, G., Kromhout, D. & Corpeleijn, E. Associations of diet quality and all-cause mortality across levels of cardiometabolic health and disease: a 7.6-year prospective analysis from the Dutch Lifelines Cohort. Diabetes Care. 44, 1228\u20131235 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"59997_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","volume":"14","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H. & Hu, F. B. Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat. reviews Endocrinol. 14, 88\u201398 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. reviews Endocrinol."},{"key":"59997_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.03.005","volume":"78","author":"A Koh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koh, A. & B\u00e4ckhed, F. From association to causality: the role of the gut microbiota and its functional products on host metabolism. Mol. Cell. 78, 584\u2013596 (2020).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"59997_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad042","volume":"82","author":"NH Pham","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pham, N. H. et al. Short-chain fatty acids and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Rev. 82, 193\u2013209 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"59997_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594150","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594150","volume":"11","author":"S Mohammad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammad, S. & Thiemermann, C. Role of metabolic endotoxemia in systemic inflammation and potential interventions. Front. Immunol. 11, 594150 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"59997_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030365","volume":"10","author":"MK Zin\u00f6cker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zin\u00f6cker, M. K. & Lindseth, I. A. The western diet\u2013microbiome-host interaction and its role in metabolic disease. Nutrients 10, 365 (2018).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"59997_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091714","volume":"14","author":"M Pelczy\u0144ska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pelczy\u0144ska, M., Moszak, M. & Bogda\u0144ski, P. The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Nutrients 14, 1714 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"59997_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04776-8","volume":"25","author":"J Jin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jin, J., Sun, X. & Wang, L. Association of dietary index of gut microbiota with cardiovascular disease risk: new evidence from NHANES 2007\u20132018. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 25, 332 (2025).","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"59997_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24020940","volume":"24","author":"A Sukik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sukik, A., Alalwani, J., Ganji, V. & Vitamin, D. gut microbiota, and cardiometabolic diseases\u2014a possible three-way axis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 940 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"59997_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10404","volume":"35","author":"MAV Hasanloei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasanloei, M. A. V. et al. Effect of oral versus intramuscular vitamin D replacement on oxidative stress and outcomes in traumatic mechanical ventilated patients admitted to intensive care unit. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 35, 548\u2013558 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"59997_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142352","volume":"16","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Contemporary perspectives on the role of vitamin D in enhancing gut health and its implications for preventing and managing intestinal diseases. Nutrients 16, 2352 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"59997_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2021.10.3.181","volume":"10","author":"H Tangestani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tangestani, H., Boroujeni, H. K., Djafarian, K., Emamat, H. & Shab-Bidar, S. Vitamin D and the gut microbiota: a narrative literature review. Clin. Nutr. Res. 10, 181 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"59997_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200476","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200476","volume":"67","author":"MC Simon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simon, M. C., Sina, C., Ferrario, P. G., Daniel, H. & Society, W. G. P. N. G. N. Gut microbiome analysis for personalized nutrition: the state of science. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 67, 2200476 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"59997_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00273","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00273-22","volume":"7","author":"BA Peters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peters, B. A. et al. Menopause is associated with an altered gut microbiome and estrobolome, with implications for adverse cardiometabolic risk in the hispanic community health study\/study of latinos. Msystems 7, e00273\u2013e00222 (2022).","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"59997_CR43","unstructured":"Ranjbar, M. et al. Antioxidant-rich and fibre-enhanced diets reduce liver fibrosis risk in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: latent class analysis of a cohort study. Br. J. Nutr. 2026, 1\u20137 (2026)."},{"key":"59997_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71102","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71102","volume":"13","author":"B Ghobadian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghobadian, B. et al. Association of diet quality, dietary acid load, and dietary antioxidant index with cardiometabolic and NAFLD risk factors among patients with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Food Sci. Nutr. 13, e71102 (2025).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59997-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59997-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59997-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:00:38Z","timestamp":1791414038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-59997-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["59997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-59997-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: IR.ZUMS.REC.1403.004). All participants provided written informed consent prior to completing the questionnaire. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study, and no personal identifiers were collected.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"31379"}}