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This study evaluated crude protein extracts from two Egyptian freshwater snails,\n                    <jats:italic>Lanistes carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Bellamya unicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                    , for antioxidant enzymes, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines, and peptide composition. Both species exhibited low activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), with slightly higher levels in\n                    <jats:italic>L. carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Despite this, the crude protein extracts inhibited the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ;\n                    <jats:italic>L. carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed stronger antifungal activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while neither extract affected\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Selective cytotoxicity was observed\n                    <jats:italic>: L. carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was most active against MCF-7 and HeLa cells, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>B. unicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                    was highly potent against HCT-116 and moderately active against PC3 cells, with minimal effects on normal WI-38 cells. LC\u2013MS\/MS identified 26 short peptides, likely contributing to the antimicrobial and anticancer activities.These findings provide preliminary evidence of the therapeutic potential of\n                    <jats:italic>L. carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>B. unicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                    crude protein extracts, highlighting freshwater snails as candidate sources of bioactive molecules that merit further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60044-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:08:16Z","timestamp":1783130896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic potential of crude protein extracts from two Egyptian freshwater snails Lanistes carinatus and Bellamya unicolor"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Habib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AbdElhafez R.","family":"AbdElhafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed S.","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya I. 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