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This study aimed to elucidate the metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in non-\n                    <jats:italic>baumannii Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Genome-scale metabolic prediction of 19\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates identified 104 distinct pathways spanning 32 metabolic categories. Ninety-six pathways were conserved across all genomes, whereas a small subset exhibited species- or strain-specific distributions: four pathways occurred in 18 isolates, three were restricted to five\n                    <jats:italic>A. junii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, and one was unique to 14\n                    <jats:italic>A. nosocomialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    genomes. Amino acid metabolism was the most diverse (29 pathways), followed by lipid metabolism (14 pathways) and energy metabolism (8 pathways). The 96 conserved pathways supported essential cellular functions, including protein synthesis, energy production, and nucleotide metabolism. Notably, 20 pathways were associated with virulence, pathogenicity, and AMR, spanning lipid metabolism, siderophore biosynthesis, and nucleotide metabolism, among others. Eighteen of these pathways were conserved across all isolates and encompassed diverse metabolic functions, including protein N-glycosylation, heme biosynthesis, lipid IVA synthesis, fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation, tRNA maturation, triclosan resistance, and superoxide degradation. Interestingly, all\n                    <jats:italic>A. junii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates uniquely encoded siderophore biosynthesis systems. In silico analysis of the whole-genome sequences from the five\n                    <jats:italic>A. junii<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates revealed the presence of genes sharing\u2009&gt;\u200991% sequence identity with the acinetoferrin biosynthetic cluster (\n                    <jats:italic>acbABCD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) from\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter haemolyticus.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Additionally, genes homologous to the acinetoferrin transport genes (\n                    <jats:italic>actB<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>actC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>actA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>actD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were identified. However, genes associated with the desferrioxamine E biosynthetic pathway were not detected in these isolates. The high degree of conservation of the acinetoferrin biosynthetic cluster in\n                    <jats:italic>A. haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A. junii<\/jats:italic>\n                    suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>A. junii<\/jats:italic>\n                    likely produces acinetoferrin. These findings highlight the high degree of conservation of metabolic pathways in non-\n                    <jats:italic>baumannii Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and represent the first report of the putative acinetoferrin biosynthetic gene cluster in\n                    <jats:italic>A. junii<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60123-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:55:59Z","timestamp":1782798959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In silico metabolic profiling of non-baumannii Acinetobacter species uncovers conserved functions and provides first evidence of siderophore biosynthetic genes in Acinetobacter junii"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4306-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel O.","family":"Ajoseh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7707-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed F.","family":"Hikal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4597-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanka","family":"Brangsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4152-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Azeez A.","family":"Anjorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed I. 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