{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:54:32Z","timestamp":1791327272017,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Microplastic (MP) particles have emerged as ubiquitous and persistent contaminants in aquatic environments worldwide, posing increasing ecological concerns due to their widespread distribution and potential impacts on ecosystem health. To assess their occurrence in the Oman Gulf, water and sediment samples were collected during the summer of 2024 and analyzed for MP contamination. MP concentrations in sediments ranged from 2 to 397 MPs\/Kg dry weight (mean: 94 MPs\/Kg dry weight) and in water from 1 to 275 MPs\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    (mean: 63 MPs\/m\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), with the highest levels in urban and recreational areas. The highest abundances were observed in urban areas.The samples were analyzed using a two-step density-based separation method, acid digestion, visual counting under a microscope, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX analysis. MPs fibers were more common in the water, probably due to the use of fishing nets and clothing. In contrast, fragmented MPs dominated the sediments due to the use of various buckets, toys, packaging and bottles. White was the most common color in all samples, probably due to the widespread use of white clothing, fishing nets and the hulls of fishing and recreational boats among the people of the region. PP was the most common polymer detected in most areas due to its widespread use in packaging, textiles and various industries. PHI values for sediment samples are classified as category III. PHI values for water samples are classified as risk class III and II. PLI for the sediments and water are in risk class II - IV. PERI values for water samples are classified as risk class I - IV. In this study, urban and recreational areas were found to have high risks. Given these findings, it is essential to implement measures such as environmental regulations for plastic production and consumption, large-scale plastic separation and recycling, and promoting public education and awareness about the harmful effects of plastics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60136-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T07:45:36Z","timestamp":1783410336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of land use on microplastic pollution in the Oman Gulf: Unveiling risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hossein","family":"Kamani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Pastorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Nakhaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Moein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsane","family":"Chavoshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4982-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ganji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"60136_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Napper, I. E. et al. Article Reaching New Heights in Plastic Pollution \u2014 Preliminary Findings of Microplastics on Mount Everest Reaching New Heights in Plastic Pollution \u2014 Preliminary Findings of Microplastics on Mount Everest. One Earth [Internet]. ;3(5):621\u201330. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.10.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2020.10.020"},{"key":"60136_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopewell, J., Dvorak, R. & Kosior, E. Plastics recycling: Challenges and opportunities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 364, 2115\u20132126 (2009).","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0311"},{"key":"60136_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ganji, F., Kamani, H., Ghayebzadeh, M., Abdipour, H. & Moein, H. Evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of wastewater and sludge of Zahedan urban wastewater treatment plant for reuse. Heliyon [Internet]. ;10(2):e24845. (2024). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24845"},{"key":"60136_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Cauwenberghe, L., Vanreusel, A., Mees, J. & Janssen, C. R. Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environ Pollut [Internet]. ;1\u20135. (2013). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.08.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.08.013"},{"key":"60136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neelavannan, K., Sen, I. S., Lone, A. M. & Gopinath, K. Microplastics in the high-altitude Himalayas: Assessment of microplastic contamination in freshwater lake sediments, Northwest Himalaya (India). Chemosphere [Internet]. 2022 Mar 1 [cited 2025 Dec 21];290:133354. Available from: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0045653521038285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.133354"},{"key":"60136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, S. A., Welch, V. G. & Neratko, J. Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water. Front. Chem. 6, 407 (2018).","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00407"},{"key":"60136_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govender, J. et al. Towards characterising microplastic abundance, typology and retention in mangrove-dominated estuaries. Water 12 (10), 2742 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/w12102802"},{"key":"60136_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Falco, F., De, P. E., Di, Cocca, M. & Avella, M. The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution. Sci Rep [Internet]. ;(March):1\u201311. (2019). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-43023-x","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43023-x"},{"key":"60136_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R. C. & Thiel, M. Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol [Internet]. ;46(6):3060\u201375. (2012). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es2031505","DOI":"10.1021\/es2031505"},{"key":"60136_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira, M., Thompson, J., Paris, A., Rohindra, D. & Rico, C. Presence of microplastics in water, sediments and fish species in an urban coastal environment of Fiji, a Pacific small island developing state. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;153(August 2019):110991. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.110991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.110991"},{"key":"60136_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zakeri, M., Naji, A., Akbarzadeh, A. & Uddin, S. Microplastic ingestion in important commercial fish in the southern Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;160(August):111598. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111598"},{"key":"60136_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Lee, H., Kim, S. & Kim, H. Ecotoxicology and Human Environmental Health Global Pattern of Microplastics (MPs) in Commercial Food- Grade Salts (Sea Salt as an Indicator of Seawater MP Pollution, 2018).","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04180"},{"key":"60136_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neelavannan, K., Sen, I. S., Sinha, N., Thakur, A. K. & Misra, S. Microplastics in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta: Sources and Pathways to the Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve - an UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Environ Adv [Internet]. ;11(February):100350. (2023). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2023.100350"},{"key":"60136_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda, R. A., Avlijas, S., Anouk Simard, M. & Ricciardi, A. Microplastic pollution in st. lawrence river sediments. Can J Fish Aquat Sci [Internet]. 71(12):1767\u201371. (2014). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cjfas-2014-0281","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2014-0281"},{"key":"60136_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Claessens, M., Cauwenberghe, L., Van, Vandegehuchte, M. B. & Janssen, C. R. Can a Sediment Core Reveal the Plastic Age? Microplastic Preservation in a Coastal Sedimentary Record. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. 2(2):7650\u201361. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129814"},{"key":"60136_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dauvergne, P. The power of environmental norms: marine plastic pollution and the politics of microbeads. Env Polit [Internet]. ;27(4):579\u201397. (2018). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09644016.2018.1449090","DOI":"10.1080\/09644016.2018.1449090"},{"key":"60136_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Naji, A., Nuri, M., Amiri, P. & Niyogi, S. Small microplastic particles (S-MPPs) in sediments of mangrove ecosystem on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;146(June):305\u201311. (2019). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.06.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.06.033"},{"key":"60136_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saeed, T., Al-jandal, N., Al-mutairi, A. & Taqi, H. Microplastics in Kuwait marine environment: Results of first survey. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;152(December 2019):110880. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110880"},{"key":"60136_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Di, M. & Wang, J. Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Three Gorges. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 616\u2013617:1620\u20137. (2018). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.150"},{"key":"60136_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, W., Yuan, W., Chen, Y. & Wang, J. Microplastics in surface waters of Dongting Lake and Hong Lake, China. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. ;633:539\u201345. (2018). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.211"},{"key":"60136_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, L. et al. Comparison of the abundance of microplastics between rural and urban areas: A case study from East Dongting Lake. Chemosphere [Internet]. ;244:125486. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653519327262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125486"},{"issue":"4","key":"60136_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6021","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-020-00860-5","volume":"23","author":"SM Al-Hajri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Hajri, S. M., Petropoulos, G. P. & Markogianni, V. Seasonal variation of key environmental parameters in the Sea of Oman using EO data and GIS. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23 (4), 6021\u20136046 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"60136_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hosseini, R., Sayadi, M. H., Aazami, J. & Savabieasfehani, M. Accumulation and distribution of microplastics in the sediment and coastal water samples of Chabahar Bay in the Oman Sea, Iranfile:\/\/\/Available from: C:\/Users\/f.t.g\/Downloads\/Documents\/saket2012.pdf. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;160(May):111682. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111682"},{"key":"60136_CR24","unstructured":"Masura, J., Baker, J., Foster, G. & Arthur, C. Laboratory methods for the analysis of microplastics in the marine environment. NOAA Mar Debris Progr Natl [Internet]. ;(July):1\u201331. (2015). Available from: https:\/\/marinedebris.noaa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications-files\/noaa_microplastics_methods_manual.pdf"},{"key":"60136_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nabizadeh, R., Sajadi, M., Rastkari, N. & Yaghmaeian, K. Microplastic pollution on the Persian Gulf shoreline: A case study of Bandar Abbas city, Hormozgan Province, Iran. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;145(January):536\u201346. (2019). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.06.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.06.048"},{"key":"60136_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abayomi, O. A. et al. Microplastics in coastal environments of the Arabian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;124(1):181\u20138. (2017). Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025326X17305921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.07.011"},{"key":"60136_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kamani, H., Ghayebzadeh, M., Azari, A. & Ganji, F. Characteristics of Microplastics in a Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent and Hazard Risk Assessment. Environ Process [Internet]. ;11(1):1\u201318. (2024). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40710-024-00694-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-024-00694-7"},{"key":"60136_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crutchett, T. W. & Bornt, K. R. A simple overflow density separation method that recovers\u2009>\u200995% of dense microplastics from sediment. MethodsX 12, 102740 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2024.102638"},{"issue":"4","key":"60136_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"K Krishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krishnan, K. A Systematic Review on the Impact of Micro-Nanoplastics Exposure on. Hum. Health Dis. 13 (4), 1\u201312 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Health Dis."},{"key":"60136_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nuelle, M., Dekiff, J. H., Remy, D. & Fries, E. A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environ Pollut [Internet]. ;184:161\u20139. (2014). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.07.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.07.027"},{"key":"60136_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amrutha, K. et al. Assessment of pollution and risks associated with microplastics in the riverine sediments of the Western Ghats: a heritage site in southern India. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. ;30(12):32301\u201319. (2023). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-24437-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-24437-z"},{"key":"60136_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Missawi, O. et al. Abundance and distribution of small microplastics (3 m m) in sediments and seaworms from the Southern Mediterranean coasts and characterisation of their potential harmful effects. *. Environ Pollut [Internet]. ;263:114634. (2020). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114634"},{"key":"60136_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Celine, M. et al. First assessment of microplastics in offshore sediments along the Lebanese coast, South-Eastern Mediterranean. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. 2023;186(December 2022):114422. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.114422"},{"key":"60136_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lithner, D., Larsson, A. & Dave, G. Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. ;409(18):3309\u201324. (2011). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038"},{"key":"60136_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Isobe, A., Kubo, K., Tamura, Y., Nakashima, E. & Fujii, N. Selective transport of microplastics and mesoplastics by drifting in coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;89(1\u20132):324\u201330. (2014). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.09.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2014.09.041"},{"key":"60136_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lofty, J., Muhawenimana, V., Wilson, C. A. M. E. & Ouro, P. Microplastics removal from a primary settler tank in a wastewater treatment plant and estimations of contamination onto European agricultural land via sewage sludge recycling. Environ Pollut [Internet]. ;304(February):119198. (2022). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119198"},{"key":"60136_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, G. et al. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Seasonal variation and risk assessment of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. ;208:111477. (2021). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111477"},{"key":"60136_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jayasiri, H. B., Purushothaman, C. S. & Vennila, A. Quantitative analysis of plastic debris on recreational beaches in Mumbai, India. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;77(1\u20132):107\u201312. (2013). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.10.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.10.024"},{"key":"60136_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peng, G., Xu, P., Zhu, B., Bai, M. & Li, D. Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China : A case study of risk assessment in mega-cities *. Environ Pollut [Internet]. ;234:448\u201356. (2018). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.034"},{"issue":"21","key":"60136_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9175","DOI":"10.1021\/es201811s","volume":"45","author":"MA Browne","year":"2011","unstructured":"Browne, M. A. et al. Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: Sources and sinks. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (21), 9175\u20139179 (2011).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"60136_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16780","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04264","volume":"56","author":"L Simon-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simon-S\u00e1nchez, L. et al. Can a Sediment Core Reveal the Plastic Age? Microplastic Preservation in a Coastal Sedimentary Record. Environ. Sci. Technol. 56 (23), 16780\u201316788 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"60136_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gallagher, A., Rees, A., Rowe, R., Stevens, J. & Wright, P. Microplastics in the Solent estuarine complex, UK : An initial assessment. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ; (2015). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.04.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.04.002"},{"issue":"October","key":"60136_CR43","first-page":"2","volume":"2","author":"X Ren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ren, X. et al. Abundance and characteristics of microplastic in sewage sludge: A case study of Yangling, Shaanxi province, China. Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. 2 (October), 2\u20137 (2020).","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"60136_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Renzi, M., Grazioli, E. & Bla\u0161kovi\u0107, A. Effects of Different Microplastic Types and Surfactant-Microplastic Mixtures Under Fasting and Feeding Conditions: A Case Study on Daphnia magna. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol [Internet]. ;103(3):367\u201373. (2019). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00128-019-02678-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-019-02678-y"},{"key":"60136_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.11.030","volume":"138","author":"M Renzi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Renzi, M., \u010ci\u017emek, H. & Bla\u0161kovi\u0107, A. Marine litter in sediments related to ecological features in impacted sites and marine protected areas (Croatia). Mar. Pollut Bull. 138, 25\u201329 (2019).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut Bull."},{"key":"60136_CR46","unstructured":"Frias, J. et al. Standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics in sediments. JPI-Oceans BASEMAN Proj [Internet]. 2018;(May):33. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326552185"},{"issue":"38","key":"60136_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34235","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01214","volume":"8","author":"K Neelavannan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neelavannan, K. & Sen, I. S. Microplastics in Freshwater Ecosystems of India: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. ACS Omega. 8 (38), 34235\u201334248 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"60136_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98136-3","volume":"15","author":"K Neelavannan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neelavannan, K. et al. Geospatial distribution and anthropogenic litter impact on coastal mangrove ecosystems from the Saudi Arabia coast of the Gulf. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 1\u201321 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"60136_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.1021\/es903784e","volume":"44","author":"MA Browne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Browne, M. A., Galloway, T. S. & Thompson, R. C. Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (9), 3404\u20133409 (2010).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"60136_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-3910(90)90108-J","volume":"27","author":"PP Klemchuk","year":"1990","unstructured":"Klemchuk, P. P. Degradable plastics: A critical review. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 27 (2), 183\u2013202 (1990).","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"60136_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousif, E. & Haddad, R. Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: Review. Vol. 2, SpringerPlus. pp. 1\u201332. (2013).","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-398"},{"key":"60136_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalogerakis, N. et al. Microplastics Generation: Onset of Fragmentation of Polyethylene Films in Marine Environment Mesocosms. Front Mar Sci [Internet]. ;4(March):1\u201315. Available from: http:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/ (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2017.00084\/full","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00084\/full"},{"issue":"166","key":"60136_CR53","first-page":"157","volume":"28","author":"H Kamani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamani, H. et al. Sonocatalytic oxidation of reactive blue 29 by N-doped TiO 2 from aqueous solution. J. Maz Univ. Med. Sci. 28 (166), 157\u2013169 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Maz Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"60136_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan, W., Liu, X., Wang, W., Di, M. & Wang, J. Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in water, sediments, and wild fi sh from Poyang Lake, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. ;170(October 2018):180\u20137. (2019). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.11.126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.11.126"},{"key":"60136_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiong, X. et al. Ingestion and egestion of polyethylene microplastics by goldfish (Carassius auratus): influence of color and morphological features. Heliyon [Internet]. ;5(12):e03063. (2019). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e03063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e03063"},{"issue":"5","key":"60136_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.6348","volume":"71","author":"S Adhikari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Adhikari, S., Kelkar, V., Kumar, R. & Halden, R. U. Methods and challenges in the detection of microplastics and nanoplastics: a mini-review. Polym. Int. 71 (5), 543\u2013551 (2022).","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"60136_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(91)90249-R","volume":"22","author":"S Ye","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ye, S. & Andrady, A. L. Fouling of floating plastic debris under Biscayne Bay exposure conditions. Mar. Pollut Bull. 22 (12), 608\u2013613 (1991).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut Bull."},{"key":"60136_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yaranal, N. A., Subbiah, S. & Mohanty, K. Distribution and characterization of microplastics in beach sediments from Karnataka (India) coastal environments. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;169(April):112550. (2021). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112550"},{"key":"60136_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Udovicki, B., Andjelkovic, M., Cirkovic-Velickovic, T. & Rajkovic, A. Microplastics in food: scoping review on health effects, occurrence, and human exposure [Internet]. Vol. 9, International Journal of Food Contamination. Springer International Publishing; pp. 1\u201316. (2022). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40550-022-00093-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-022-00093-6"},{"key":"60136_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cole, M., Lindeque, P., Halsband, C. & Galloway, T. S. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;62(12):2588\u201397. (2011). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025"},{"key":"60136_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, M., Love, D. C., Rochman, C. M. & Neff, R. A. Microplastics in Seafood and the Implications for Human Health. ;375\u201386. (2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0206-z"},{"key":"60136_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lechner, A. et al. The Danube so colourful: A potpourri of plastic litter outnumbers fi sh larvae in Europe \u2019 s second largest river. Environ Pollut [Internet]. ;188:177\u201381. (2014). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.02.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.02.006"},{"key":"60136_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Estuary, C. et al. Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters: A case study in the Changjiang Estuary, China. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. ;133(April):647\u201354. (2018). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.06.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.06.020"},{"key":"60136_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Canesi, L. et al. Evidence for immunomodulation and apoptotic processes induced by cationic polystyrene nanoparticles in the hemocytes of the marine bivalve Mytilus. Mar Environ Res [Internet]. ; (2015). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marenvres.2015.06.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2015.06.008"},{"key":"60136_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan, Z., Nag, R. & Cummins, E. Ranking of potential hazards from microplastics polymers in the marine environment. J Hazard Mater [Internet]. ;429(January):128399. (2022). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128399"},{"key":"60136_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pan, Z. et al. Chemosphere Microplastic pollution and ecological risk assessment in an estuarine environment: The Dongshan Bay of China. Chemosphere [Internet]. ;262:127876. (2021). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127876"},{"key":"60136_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranjani, M. et al. Assessment of potential ecological risk of microplastics in the coastal sediments of India: A meta-analysis. Mar. Pollut Bull. 163, 111995 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.111969"},{"key":"60136_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Banik, P. et al. Quantification, characterization and risk assessment of microplastics from five major estuaries along the northern Bay of Bengal coast. Environ Pollut [Internet]. ;342(August 2023):123036. (2024). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123036"},{"key":"60136_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, K. et al. Potential Ecological Risk Assessment Studies Based on Source and Distribution of Microplastics From the Surface Sediments of Tropical Backwaters, Kerala, India. Total Environ Res Themes [Internet]. ;7(May):100063. (2023). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.totert.2023.100063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.totert.2023.100063"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60136-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60136-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60136-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:47:44Z","timestamp":1791326864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60136-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60136-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"31170"}}