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However, the small cohort sizes typical of laboratory studies and the limited implementation of automated image analysis have restricted the availability of robust normative datasets. In particular, comprehensive reference values for foveal avascular zone (FAZ) measurements in laboratory cynomolgus monkeys remain scarce. To address this, an automated OCT\/OCTA image-processing workflow was used to quantify FAZ morphology in healthy cynomolgus monkeys, including a deep learning-based OCT segmentation step followed by analysis of the corresponding OCTA data. The study also evaluated morphological variations as well as the influence of sex and geographical origin. The overall FAZ area measured 0.451\u00a0mm (range 0.132\u20130.820 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), the perimeter 2.770\u00a0mm (range 1.569\u20133.795), aspect-ratio 0.959\u00a0mm (range 0.622\u20131.388), circularity 0.725 (range 0.517\u20130.847), solidity 0.944\u00a0mm (range 0.816\u20130.991\u00a0mm). Moreover, geographical origin significantly affects FAZ area and aspect-ratio. Establishing a normative FAZ reference database is essential for the accurate interpretation of structural and vascular changes in translational ocular research and provides a quantitative framework to distinguish physiological variability from treatment-related effects, thereby supporting safety assessment and efficacy evaluation in preclinical drug development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60198-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T20:07:13Z","timestamp":1784405233000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regional differences in foveal avascular zone morphology in cynomolgus macaques using a normative OCTA database"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bru\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter M.","family":"Maloca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"Cukras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Valmaggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Denk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"60198_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053001","volume":"8","author":"J Satkoski Trask","year":"2013","unstructured":"Satkoski Trask, J., George, D., Houghton, P., Kanthaswamy, S. & Smith, D. 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ND and CC are salaried employees of Roche, Switzerland. Research support was granted from Roche (Basel, Switzerland), especially with regard to data collection and the decision to publish. Roche had no role and did not interfere in the conceptualization or conduct of this study. PV declares no interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and adhered to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Animals were handled in accordance with national regulations for laboratory animal care.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22967"}}