{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:57:27Z","timestamp":1790895447837,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 2026J001633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2026J001633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology, Fujian Province","award":["No. 2023Y9169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023Y9169"]}]},{"name":"Hospital management funds for enhancing the specialized capabilities of neurosurgery","award":["No.14008012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.14008012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60378-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:23:55Z","timestamp":1783020235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chen mouse scale for early-stage motor assessment in mouse thoracic spinal cord contusion models"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Song","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiongjie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songjie","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maochao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9796-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risheng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"60378_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03514-9","volume":"22","author":"Y Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Global incidence and characteristics of spinal cord injury since 2000\u20132021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 22, 285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-024-03514-9 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"60378_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102598","volume":"103","author":"Y Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Global, regional, and national burden of spinal cord injury from 1990 to 2021 and projections for 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. Ageing Res. Rev. 103, 102598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102598 (2025).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"60378_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahuja, C. S. et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury. Nat. Reviews Disease Primers. 3 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18"},{"key":"60378_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fouad, K., Ng, C. & Basso, D. M. Behavioral testing in animal models of spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 333 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113410 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113410"},{"key":"60378_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.36","volume":"23","author":"JC Gensel","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gensel, J. C. et al. Behavioral and histological characterization of unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma. 23, 36\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.23.36 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.09.028","volume":"221","author":"RM Aguilar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aguilar, R. M. & Steward, O. A bilateral cervical contusion injury model in mice: assessment of gripping strength as a measure of forelimb motor function. Exp. Neurol. 221, 38\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.09.028 (2010).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"60378_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1","volume":"12","author":"DM Basso","year":"1995","unstructured":"Basso, D. M., Beattie, M. S. & Bresnahan, J. C. A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. J. Neurotrauma. 12, 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.635","volume":"23","author":"DM Basso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Basso, D. M. et al. Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains. J. Neurotrauma. 23, 635\u2013659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.23.635 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1999.16.69","volume":"16","author":"DJ Bennett","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bennett, D. J. et al. Spasticity in rats with sacral spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma. 16, 69\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.1999.16.69 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07906-y","volume":"634","author":"W Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao, W. et al. Engineered T cell therapy for central nervous system injury. Nature 634, 693\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-024-07906-y (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"60378_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60332-0","volume":"16","author":"B Harland","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harland, B. et al. Daily electric field treatment improves functional outcomes after thoracic contusion spinal cord injury in rats. Nat. Commun. 16, 5372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-025-60332-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"60378_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70126","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70126","volume":"14","author":"T Qin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qin, T. et al. Hypoxic Neural Stem Cells Enhance Spinal Cord Repair Through HIF-1a\/RAB17-Driven Extracellular Vesicle Release. J. Extracell. Vesicles. 14, e70126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.70126 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"60378_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadp1873","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adp1873","volume":"17","author":"Z Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao, Z. et al. Neuronal HDAC3 knockdown promotes propriospinal detour pathway formation and locomotor recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Sci. Transl Med. 17, eadp1873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.adp1873 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl Med."},{"key":"60378_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.008","volume":"110","author":"T Ono","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ono, T. et al. GPR55 contributes to neutrophil recruitment and mechanical pain induction after spinal cord compression in mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 110, 276\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.008 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"60378_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02312-x","volume":"18","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Photobiomodulation inhibits the activation of neurotoxic microglia and astrocytes by inhibiting Lcn2\/JAK2-STAT3 crosstalk after spinal cord injury in male rats. J. Neuroinflammation. 18, 256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02312-x (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"60378_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03794-8","volume":"48","author":"F Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, F., Huang, Y. & Wang, H. Rodent Models of Spinal Cord Injury: From Pathology to Application. Neurochem. Res. 48, 340\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-022-03794-8 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"60378_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.Nrr-d-23-01505","volume":"19","author":"G Poulen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poulen, G. & Perrin, F. E. Advances in spinal cord injury: insights from non-human primates. Neural Regen Res. 19, 2354\u20132364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/nrr.Nrr-d-23-01505 (2024).","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res."},{"key":"60378_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wathen, C. A. et al. Porcine Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 11 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11082202 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082202"},{"key":"60378_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2016.187","volume":"55","author":"M Sharif-Alhoseini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharif-Alhoseini, M. et al. Animal models of spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord. 55, 714\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sc.2016.187 (2017).","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"60378_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-013-1365-4","volume":"29","author":"DH Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, D. H. & Lee, J. K. Animal models of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury. Neurosci. Bull. 29, 436\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-013-1365-4 (2013).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"60378_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114982","volume":"382","author":"SQ Ding","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ding, S. Q. et al. Genetic deletion of the apoptosis associated speck like protein containing a card in LysM(+) macrophages attenuates spinal cord injury by regulating M1\/M2 polarization through ASC-dependent inflammasome signaling axis. Exp. Neurol. 382, 114982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114982 (2024).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"60378_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10215","volume":"68","author":"JZ Pan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pan, J. Z. et al. Cytokine activity contributes to induction of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in spinal cord following contusion. J. Neurosci. Res. 68, 315\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jnr.10215 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"60378_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03362-1","volume":"22","author":"J Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Microglial C\/EBP\u03b2-Fcgr1 regulatory axis blocking inhibits microglial pyroptosis and improves neurological recovery. J. Neuroinflammation. 22, 29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03362-1 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"60378_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.299","volume":"17","author":"LB Jakeman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jakeman, L. B. et al. Traumatic spinal cord injury produced by controlled contusion in mouse. J. Neurotrauma. 17, 299\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2000.17.299 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7679","volume":"169","author":"M Ma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ma, M., Basso, D. M., Walters, P., Stokes, B. T. & Jakeman, L. B. Behavioral and histological outcomes following graded spinal cord contusion injury in the C57Bl\/6 mouse. Exp. Neurol. 169, 239\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/exnr.2001.7679 (2001).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"60378_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0204","volume":"24","author":"RA Nishi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nishi, R. A. et al. Behavioral, histological, and ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging assessment of graded contusion spinal cord injury in mice. J. Neurotrauma. 24, 674\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.0204 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5756","volume":"36","author":"X Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu, X. et al. A Laser-Guided Spinal Cord Displacement Injury in Adult Mice. J. Neurotrauma. 36, 460\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2018.5756 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0253","volume":"24","author":"DN Loy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Loy, D. N. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging predicts hyperacute spinal cord injury severity. J. Neurotrauma. 24, 979\u2013990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.0253 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1063","volume":"27","author":"JH Kim","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kim, J. H. et al. Diffusion tensor imaging at 3 hours after traumatic spinal cord injury predicts long-term locomotor recovery. J. Neurotrauma. 27, 587\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2009.1063 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"60378_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bajjig, A. et al. Diaphragmatic Activity and Respiratory Function Following C3 or C6 Unilateral Spinal Cord Contusion in Mice. Biology (Basel). 11 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11040558 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040558"},{"key":"60378_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22798","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18918","volume":"19","author":"Y Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao, Y. et al. A Zinc-Citrate Metal-Organic Framework-Based Adaptable Hydrogen Sulfide Delivery System for Regulating Neuroregeneration Microenvironment in Spinal Cord Injury. ACS Nano. 19, 22798\u201322819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsnano.4c18918 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"60378_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962304","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.962304","volume":"10","author":"L Xia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xia, L., Lian, Q., Yang, H. & Wu, D. The adaption of the Chinese version of the COVID Stress Scales as a screening instrument of stress: Psychometric properties during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Public. Health. 10, 962304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.962304 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"60378_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.09.009","volume":"118","author":"MK Parker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parker, M. K., Misyak, S. A., Gohlke, J. M. & Hedrick, V. E. Cross-sectional measurement of adherence to a proposed sustainable and healthy dietary pattern among United States adults using the newly developed Planetary Health Diet Index for the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 118, 1113\u20131122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.09.009 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"60378_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.119.026652","volume":"50","author":"M Bieber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bieber, M. et al. Validity and Reliability of Neurological Scores in Mice Exposed to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Stroke 50, 2875\u20132882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.119.026652 (2019).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"60378_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000200","volume":"24","author":"M Auerswald","year":"2019","unstructured":"Auerswald, M. & Moshagen, M. How to determine the number of factors to retain in exploratory factor analysis: A comparison of extraction methods under realistic conditions. Psychol. Methods. 24, 468\u2013491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/met0000200 (2019).","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"60378_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.09.004","volume":"141","author":"A Kopp-Schneider","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kopp-Schneider, A. & Hielscher, T. How to evaluate agreement between quantitative measurements. Radiother Oncol. 141, 321\u2013326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radonc.2019.09.004 (2019).","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol."},{"key":"60378_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003139","volume":"165","author":"C Sliwinski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sliwinski, C. et al. Contribution of mechanoreceptors to spinal cord injury-induced mechanical allodynia. Pain 165, 1336\u20131347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003139 (2024).","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"60378_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/pai.0000000000000814","volume":"28","author":"AJ Moszczynski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moszczynski, A. J., Volkening, K. & Strong, M. J. Neurofilament Immunohistochemistry Followed by Luxol Fast Blue, for Staining Axons and Myelin in the Same Paraffin Section of Spinal Cord. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 28, 562\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/pai.0000000000000814 (2020).","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"60378_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.09.027","volume":"46","author":"Y Kao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kao, Y. et al. Synergistic restoration of spinal cord injury through hyaluronic acid conjugated hydrogel-polydopamine nanoparticles combined with human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. Bioact Mater. 46, 569\u2013581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.09.027 (2025).","journal-title":"Bioact Mater."},{"key":"60378_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102767","volume":"64","author":"Y Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Y. et al. Cyclic helix B peptide alleviates proinflammatory cell death and improves functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury. Redox Biol. 64, 102767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102767 (2023).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"60378_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02110-y","volume":"21","author":"P Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, P. et al. Pericyte-derived exosomal miR-210 improves mitochondrial function and inhibits lipid peroxidation in vascular endothelial cells after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating JAK1\/STAT3 signaling pathway. J. Nanobiotechnol. 21, 452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-023-02110-y (2023).","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"60378_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49054","volume":"11","author":"H Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, H. et al. SARM1 promotes neuroinflammation and inhibits neural regeneration after spinal cord injury through NF-\u03baB signaling. Theranostics 11, 4187\u20134206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.49054 (2021).","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"60378_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)91639-0","volume":"2","author":"G Teasdale","year":"1974","unstructured":"Teasdale, G. & Jennett, B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 2, 81\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)91639-0 (1974).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"60378_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4124-3","volume":"42","author":"FC Reith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reith, F. C., Van den Brande, R., Synnot, A., Gruen, R. & Maas A. I. The reliability of the Glasgow Coma Scale: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 42, 3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-015-4124-3 (2016).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"60378_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(14)70120-6","volume":"13","author":"G Teasdale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teasdale, G. et al. The Glasgow Coma Scale at 40 years: standing the test of time. Lancet Neurol. 13, 844\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(14)70120-6 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"60378_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l1296","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1296","volume":"365","author":"R Mehta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehta, R. & Chinthapalli, K. Glasgow coma scale explained. Bmj 365, l1296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l1296 (2019).","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"60378_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.04.023","volume":"236","author":"S Kapitza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kapitza, S. et al. Tail spasms in rat spinal cord injury: changes in interneuronal connectivity. Exp. Neurol. 236, 179\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.04.023 (2012).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"60378_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R986","DOI":"10.1016\/s0960-9822(01)00581-4","volume":"11","author":"E Marder","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marder, E. & Bucher, D. Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements. Curr. Biol. 11, R986\u2013996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0960-9822(01)00581-4 (2001).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"60378_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2019","volume":"100","author":"S Grillner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grillner, S. & El Manira, A. Current Principles of Motor Control, with Special Reference to Vertebrate Locomotion. Physiol. Rev. 100, 271\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00015.2019 (2020).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"60378_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05424.x","volume":"1198","author":"A Lev-Tov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lev-Tov, A., Etlin, A. & Blivis, D. Sensory-induced activation of pattern generators in the absence of supraspinal control. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1198, 54\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05424.x (2010).","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"60378_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10324","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1208-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"A Etlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Etlin, A., Blivis, D., Ben-Zwi, M. & Lev-Tov, A. Long and short multifunicular projections of sacral neurons are activated by sensory input to produce locomotor activity in the absence of supraspinal control. J. Neurosci. 30, 10324\u201310336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.1208-10.2010 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"60378_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2014.00143","volume":"8","author":"M Cherniak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cherniak, M., Etlin, A., Strauss, I., Anglister, L. & Lev-Tov, A. The sacral networks and neural pathways used to elicit lumbar motor rhythm in the rodent spinal cord. Front. Neural Circuits. 8, 143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncir.2014.00143 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60378-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60378-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60378-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:47:03Z","timestamp":1790894823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60378-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60378-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30548"}}