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No separate approval number was assigned\/available for this review. The scoliosis screening program was conducted as a routine school health screening activity in Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China, in collaboration with the local school health service and participating schools. The present study used de-identified routinely collected screening data, and no additional intervention, examination, or participant contact was conducted specifically for this manuscript.\u00a0All procedures were conducted in accordance with national ethical standards and the 2013 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. Students, schools, and parents or legal guardians were informed of the screening procedures according to the routine school health screening process. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or legal guardians for all minor participants. AI-assisted technologies were used solely for language polishing. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2011sen University. Informed consent was obtained as appropriate, including consent from parents or legal guardians for minor participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"31208"}}