{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:54:05Z","timestamp":1790945645170,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60591-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:05:18Z","timestamp":1783076718000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive Blockchain-Oriented Trust Management in IoV using Proximal Policy Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"S. Francis","family":"Shamili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4957-1843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Gopi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"60591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.3390\/s23042325","volume":"23","author":"SA Siddiqui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddiqui, S. A., Mahmood, A., Sheng, Q. Z., Suzuki, H. & Ni, W. Towards a machine learning driven trust management heuristic for the Internet of vehicles. Sensors 23 (4), 2325 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"6","key":"60591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-023-03336-2","volume":"29","author":"KN Tripathi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tripathi, K. N., Yadav, A. M., Nagar, S. & Sharma, S. C. ReTrust: reliability and recommendation trust-based scheme for secure data sharing among Internet of vehicles (IoV). Wireless Netw. 29 (6), 2551\u20132575 (2023).","journal-title":"Wireless Netw."},{"key":"60591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47659","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3268991","volume":"11","author":"H Amari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amari, H., Houda, A. E., Khoukhi, Z., Belguith, L. H. & L., & Trust management in vehicular ad-hoc networks: Extensive survey. IEEE Access. 11, 47659\u201347680 (2023).","journal-title":"Ieee Access."},{"issue":"10","key":"60591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.3390\/s23104699","volume":"23","author":"W Ruan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruan, W., Liu, J., Chen, Y., Islam, S. M. & Alam, M. A double-layer blockchain based trust management model for secure Internet of vehicles. Sensors 23 (10), 4699 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"60591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3277691","volume":"11","author":"G Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du, G. et al. A blockchain-based trust-value management approach for secure information sharing in Internet of vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J. 11 (1), 333\u2013344 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"3","key":"60591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4922","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2023.3264773","volume":"17","author":"H Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng, H., Zhang, X., Yang, J. & Liu, Y. PPRT: Privacy preserving and reliable trust-aware platoon recommendation scheme in IoV. IEEE Syst. J. 17 (3), 4922\u20134933 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"issue":"24","key":"60591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21528","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3300840","volume":"10","author":"W Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong, W. et al. TI-BIoV: Traffic information interaction for blockchain-based IoV with trust and incentive. IEEE Internet Things J. 10 (24), 21528\u201321543 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"7","key":"60591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12278","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3333679","volume":"11","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wang, X. & Shen, X. RTE: Rapid and reliable trust evaluation for collaborator selection and time-sensitive task handling in Internet of Vehicles. IEEE Internet Things J. 11 (7), 12278\u201312291 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"9","key":"60591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9546","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3268301","volume":"24","author":"SA Siddiqui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siddiqui, S. A., Mahmood, A., Sheng, Q. Z., Suzuki, H. & Ni, W. Trust in vehicles: Toward context-aware trust and attack resistance for the Internet of Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 24 (9), 9546\u20139560 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"issue":"5","key":"60591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8118","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3318597","volume":"11","author":"J Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Huang, F., Liao, L. & Zhang, Q. Blockchain-based trust management model for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 11 (5), 8118\u20138132 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"23","key":"60591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4825","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12234825","volume":"12","author":"J Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wang, Z., Song, J. & Cheng, H. Attribute and user trust score-based zero trust access control model in IoV. Electronics 12 (23), 4825 (2023).","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"60591_CR12","first-page":"103496","volume":"60","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. PDTM: A provenance-driven dynamic trust management model for IoVs. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 60, 103496 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"issue":"10","key":"60591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3310070","volume":"41","author":"B Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, B. et al. Trust management strategy for digital twins in vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 41 (10), 3279\u20133292 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"60591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-023-01515-8","volume":"16","author":"GS Rawat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rawat, G. S. & Singh, K. A bayesian-based distributed trust management scheme for connected vehicles\u2019 security. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 16 (5), 2290\u20132306 (2023).","journal-title":"Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl."},{"issue":"3","key":"60591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3390\/s24030863","volume":"24","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Mahmood, A., Sabri, M. F. M., Zen, H. & Kho, L. C. MESMERIC: machine learning-based trust management mechanism for the Internet of vehicles. Sensors 24 (3), 863 (2024).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"60591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87407","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3409273","volume":"12","author":"F Ullah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ullah, F. et al. Deep trust: A novel framework for dynamic trust and reputation management in the Internet of Things (IoT)-based networks. IEEE Access. 12, 87407\u201387419 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"issue":"4","key":"60591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3394162","volume":"21","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. TEBChain: A trusted and efficient blockchain-based data sharing scheme in UAV-assisted IoV for disaster rescue. IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage. 21 (4), 4119\u20134130 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage."},{"issue":"8","key":"60591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11995","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3378534","volume":"73","author":"N Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, N., Zhou, Z., Liu, J., Deng, L. & Fu, J. Secure and distributed iov data sharing scheme based on a hybrid pos blockchain protocol. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 73 (8), 11995\u201312009 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"60591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2024.103677","volume":"167","author":"F Mansouri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mansouri, F., Tarhouni, M., Alaya, B. & Zidi, S. A distributed intrusion detection framework for vehicular ad hoc networks via federated learning and blockchain. Ad Hoc Netw. 167, 103677 (2025).","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"issue":"10","key":"60591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13524","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3399200","volume":"25","author":"X Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng, X., Cui, K., Wang, L., Liu, Z. & Ma, J. PBAG: A privacy-preserving blockchain-based authentication protocol with global-updated commitment in IoVs. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 25 (10), 13524\u201313545 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"60591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138763","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3467002","volume":"12","author":"V Rishiwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rishiwal, V. et al. Exploring secure V2X communication networks for human-centric security and privacy in smart cities. IEEE Access. 12, 138763\u2013138788 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3348513","volume":"12","author":"K Moghaddasi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moghaddasi, K., Rajabi, S. & Gharehchopogh, F. S. Multi-objective secure task offloading strategy for blockchain-enabled IoV-MEC systems: A double deep Q-network approach. IEEe Access. 12, 3437\u20133463 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEe Access."},{"key":"60591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kait, R. et al. Fuzzy logic-based trusted routing protocol using vehicular cloud networks for smart cities. Expert Syst., 42(1), e13561. (2025).","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.13561"},{"key":"60591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9055","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3465847","volume":"19","author":"M Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie, M., Chang, Z., Li, H. & Min, G. BASUV: A blockchain-enabled UAV authentication scheme for Internet of vehicles. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 19, 9055\u20139069 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"issue":"9","key":"60591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11233","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3529808","volume":"12","author":"C Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong, C., Pal, S., Chen, S., Jiang, F. & Liu, X. A privacy-aware task distribution architecture for UAV communications system using blockchain. IEEE Internet Things J. 12 (9), 11233\u201311243 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"issue":"1","key":"60591_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11511-y","volume":"15","author":"J Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Design of a dynamic trust management and defense decision system for shared vehicle data based on blockchain and deep reinforcement learning. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 26662 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"60591_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Razafimanjato, M., Yang, H., Park, S., Kim, S. & Kim, D. Blockchain and AI-enabled trust management model for internet of vehicles. In 2025 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication (ICAIIC). (pp. 0442\u20130447). (IEEE, 2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC64266.2025.10920718"},{"issue":"8","key":"60591_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4837","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-18874-w","volume":"84","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2025","unstructured":"Srivastava, S., Agarwal, D., Chaurasia, B. K. & Adhikari, M. Blockchain-based trust management for data exchange in internet of vehicle network. Multimedia Tools Appl. 84 (8), 4837\u20134855 (2025).","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60591-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60591-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60591-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T12:02:02Z","timestamp":1790942522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60591-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60591-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30607"}}