{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:28:34Z","timestamp":1792704514249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60609-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:59:03Z","timestamp":1783090743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Piezoresistive and mechanical performance of nano-TiO\u2082-modified 3D-printed cementitious composites"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Afsaneh","family":"Valizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Aslani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"60609_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39238","author":"J Jenima","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jenima, J. et al. A comprehensive review of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cementitious composites. Heliyon https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39238 (2024).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"60609_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118444","author":"A Joshaghani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joshaghani, A., Balapour, M., Mashhadian, M. & Ozbakkaloglu, T. Effects of nano-TiO2, nano-Al2O3, and nano-Fe2O3 on rheology, mechanical and durability properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC): an experimental study. Constr. Build. Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118444 (2020).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2018.05.019","volume":"111","author":"Z Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, Z., Ding, S., Yu, X., Han, B. & Ou, J. Multifunctional cementitious composites modified with nano titanium dioxide: A review. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufac. 111, 115\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compositesa.2018.05.019 (2018).","journal-title":"Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manufac."},{"key":"60609_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.105","volume":"65","author":"M Sun","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sun, M., Liew, R., Zhang, M. & Li, W. Development of cement-based strain sensor for health monitoring of ultra high strength concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 65, 630\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.105 (2014).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.12989\/cac.2017.20.5.595","volume":"20","author":"L Huo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huo, L., Li, X., Chen, D. & Li, H. Structural health monitoring using piezoceramic transducers as strain gauges and acoustic emission sensors simultaneously. Computers Concrete. 20, 595\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12989\/cac.2017.20.5.595 (2017).","journal-title":"Computers Concrete"},{"key":"60609_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi, H., Choi, S. & Cha, H. Structural health monitoring system based on strain gauge enabled wireless sensor nodes. 2008 5th International Conference on Networked Sensing Systems, Vol. 1 211\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INSS.2008.4610888 (2008).","DOI":"10.1109\/INSS.2008.4610888"},{"key":"60609_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.004","volume":"24","author":"K Ohno","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ohno, K. & Ohtsu, M. Crack classification in concrete based on acoustic emission. Constr. Build. Mater. 24, 2339\u20132346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.004 (2010).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2022.115266","author":"L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, L. & Aslani, F. Structural performance of reinforced concrete beams with 3D printed cement-based sensor embedded and self-sensing cementitious composites. Eng. Struct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engstruct.2022.115266 (2023).","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"60609_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130961","author":"CD Atkinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atkinson, C. D. & Aslani, F. Performance of 3D printed columns using self-sensing cementitious composites. Constr. Build. Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.130961 (2023).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02486602","volume":"37","author":"H Moosberg-Bustnes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moosberg-Bustnes, H., Lagerblad, B. & Forssberg, E. The function of fillers in concrete. Mater. Struct. 37, 74\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02486602 (2004).","journal-title":"Mater. Struct."},{"key":"60609_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208486","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z. & Aslani, F. Performance of 3D-Printed Beams and Slabs Using Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites and DIC Method. Sensors https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23208486 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"60609_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.003","volume":"81","author":"R Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Cheng, X., Hou, P. & Ye, Z. Influences of nano-TiO2 on the properties of cement-based materials: hydration and drying shrinkage. Constr. Build. Mater. 81, 35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.003 (2015).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/583106","author":"B Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma, B., Li, H., Mei, J., Li, X. & Chen, F. Effects of Nano-TiO2 on the Toughness and Durability of Cement-Based Material. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng.. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/583106 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"60609_CR14","unstructured":"Standards Australia AS3972:2010 General purpose and blended cements (2010)."},{"key":"60609_CR15","unstructured":"Australia, S. AS\/NZS 3582.3:2016 Supplementary cementitious materials: Amorphous silica (2016)."},{"key":"60609_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Australia, S. AS\/NZS 3582.1:2016 Supplementary cementitious materials: Fly Ash (2016).","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1326960"},{"key":"60609_CR17","unstructured":"Australia, S. AS1141.1:2015 Methods for sampling and testing aggregates (2015)."},{"key":"60609_CR18","unstructured":"Australia, S. AS 2758.1:2014 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes (2014)."},{"key":"60609_CR19","unstructured":"Australia, S. AS 1478.1:2000 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout (2000)."},{"key":"60609_CR20","unstructured":"Tronox. TiONA\u00ae 595. https:\/\/www.tronox.com\/product\/tiona-595\/. [Accessed 2025]."},{"key":"60609_CR21","unstructured":"Australia, S. AS 1012.8.1:2014 Method for making and curing concrete - Compression and indirect tensile test specimens (2014)."},{"key":"60609_CR22","unstructured":"Advancing Standards Transforming Markets. ASTM C230\/C230M-20 Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement (2021)."},{"key":"60609_CR23","unstructured":"Advancing Standards Transforming Markets. ASTM:C109-20 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens) (2020)."},{"key":"60609_CR24","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS\/NZS 2350.4:2006 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements, (2006)."},{"key":"60609_CR25","unstructured":"Advancing Standards Transforming Markets. ASTM C78\/C78M-22 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading), (2022)."},{"key":"60609_CR26","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS 1012.9:2014 Compressive strength tests - Concrete, mortar and grout specimens, (2014)."},{"key":"60609_CR27","unstructured":"Standards Australia. AS 1012.11:2000 Determination of the modulus of rupture (Reconfirmed 2014), (2000)."},{"key":"60609_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/ab899c","author":"R Gopalakrishnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnan, R., Vignesh, B. & Jeyalakshmi, R. Mechanical, electrical and microstructural studies on nano-TiO2 admixtured cement mortar cured with industrial wastewater. Eng. Res. Express. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2631-8695\/ab899c (2020).","journal-title":"Eng. Res. Express"},{"key":"60609_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.04.008","volume":"122","author":"Y Zare","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zare, Y., Rhee, K. Y. & Hui, D. Influences of nanoparticles aggregation\/agglomeration on the interfacial\/interphase and tensile properties of nanocomposites. Compos. Part. B: Eng. 122, 41\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.04.008 (2017).","journal-title":"Compos. Part. B: Eng."},{"key":"60609_CR30","unstructured":"Rahim, A. & Nair, S. Influence of nano-materials in high strength concrete. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci. (2016)."},{"key":"60609_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.09.074","volume":"528","author":"A Nazari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nazari, A. & Riahi, S. The effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on water permeability and thermal and mechanical properties of high strength self-compacting concrete. Mater. Sci. Engineering: A. 528, 756\u2013763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msea.2010.09.074 (2010).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Engineering: A"},{"key":"60609_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.12.025","volume":"43","author":"A Nazari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nazari, A. & Riahi, S. TiO2 nanoparticles effects on physical, thermal and mechanical properties of self compacting concrete with ground granulated blast furnace slag as binder. Energy Build. 43, 995\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.12.025 (2011).","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"60609_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.009","volume":"57","author":"LY Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, L. Y., Jia, Z. J. & Dai, J. G. Effects of nano-TiO2 on strength, shrinkage and microstructure of alkali activated slag pastes. Cem. Concr. Compos. 57, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.009 (2015).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"60609_CR34","first-page":"101","volume":"5","author":"E Mohseni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohseni, E., Mehrinejad, M., Azar, H., Mehdizadeh, B. & Hosseiny Effectiveness of nano-TiO2 and fly ash in concrete. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 5, 101\u2013107 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"60609_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.11.133","volume":"47","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, L. & Aslani, F. Mechanical properties, electrical resistivity and piezoresistivity of carbon fibre-based self-sensing cementitious composites. Ceram. Int. 47, 7864\u20137879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceramint.2020.11.133 (2021).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"60609_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00382-3","volume":"31","author":"S Wen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wen, S. & Chung, D. D. L. Effect of stress on the electric polarization in cement. Cem. Concr. Res. 31, 141\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0008-8846(00)00382-3 (2001).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"60609_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103539","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, Z. et al. Electrical properties of low dosage carbon nanofiber\/cement composite: Percolation behavior and polarization effect. Cem. Concr. Compos. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103539 (2020).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"60609_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.02.009","volume":"118","author":"P Rovnanik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rovnanik, P., Kusak, I., Bayer, P., Schmid, P. & Fiala, L. Comparison of electrical and self-sensing properties of Portland cement and alkali-activated slag mortars. Cem. Concr. Res. 118, 84\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconres.2019.02.009 (2019).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"60609_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103873","author":"J Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, J., Yin, T., Wang, Y. & Liu, L. Anisotropic electrical and piezoresistive sensing properties of cement-based sensors with aligned carbon fibers. Cem. Concr. Compos. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103873 (2021).","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"60609_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-024-00731-7","volume":"18","author":"W Yaqub","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yaqub, W. & Aslani, F. Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistance of 3D-Printed Cementitious Composites with Plastic Waste. Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater. 18, 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40069-024-00731-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Concrete Struct. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03847","author":"J Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai, J. et al. State-of-the-art of mechanical properties of 3D printed concrete. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03847 (2024).","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03090","author":"A Aramburu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aramburu, A., Calderon-Uriszar-Aldaca, I., Puente, I. & Castano-Alvarez, R. Effects of 3D-printing on the tensile splitting strength of concrete structures. Case Stud. Constr. Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscm.2024.e03090 (2024).","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aa87db","author":"Z Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Z. et al. Effect of nano-titanium dioxide on mechanical and electrical properties and microstructure of reactive powder concrete. Mater. Res. Express. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2053-1591\/aa87db (2017).","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"60609_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134804","author":"Q Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Jiang, Q., Huang, M., Xin, J. & Chen, P. The fresh and hardened properties of 3D printing cement-base materials with self-cleaning nano-TiO2:An exploratory study. J. Clean. Prod. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.134804 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"60609_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acme.2017.05.010","volume":"18","author":"S Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang, S. et al. Comparison of compressive strength and electrical resistivity of cementitious composites with different nano- and micro-fillers. Archives Civil Mech. Eng. 18, 60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.acme.2017.05.010 (2018).","journal-title":"Archives Civil Mech. Eng."},{"key":"60609_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.087","author":"B Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma, B., Li, H., Mei, J., Li, X. & Chen, F. Influence of nano-TiO2 on physical and hydration characteristics of fly ash\u2013cement systems. Constr. Build. Mater. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.087 (2016).","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"60609_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107722","author":"G \u017derjav","year":"2022","unstructured":"\u017derjav, G., \u017di\u017eek, K., Zava\u0161nik, J. & Pintar, A. Brookite vs. rutile vs. anatase: What`s behind their various photocatalytic activities? J. Environ. Chem. Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107722 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"60609_CR48","first-page":"1158","volume":"34","author":"G Xiong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xiong, G., Xiong, M., Deng, L., Xu & Tang, M. Properties of Cement-Based Composites by Doping Nano-TiO2. Chin. Ceramic Soc. 34, 1158 (2006).","journal-title":"Chin. Ceramic Soc."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60609-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60609-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60609-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:52:05Z","timestamp":1790898725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60609-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60609-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30627"}}