{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:55:00Z","timestamp":1790902500818,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":91,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60636-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:35:15Z","timestamp":1783110915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and contributing factors of virological non-suppression among adult patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in tertiary hospitals in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gemechu Gelana","family":"Ararame","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayo","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lemi Ushu","family":"Sime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birbirsa Sefera","family":"Senbeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"60636_CR1","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. & HIV\/AIDS JUNPo. Practical approaches and case-based models for reaching men and boys with integrated HIV services (World Health Organization, 2025)."},{"key":"60636_CR2","unstructured":"UNAids, F. S. Global HIV statistics, (2023)."},{"issue":"2","key":"60636_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2024.02.001","volume":"42","author":"S Payagala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Payagala, S. & Pozniak, A. The global burden of HIV. Clin. Dermatol. 42 (2), 119\u2013127 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"60636_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079990","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1079990","volume":"11","author":"E Moyo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moyo, E. et al. Key populations and Sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s HIV response. Front. public. health. 11, 1079990 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. public. health"},{"issue":"4","key":"60636_CR5","first-page":"158","volume":"15","author":"T Haile","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haile, T., Hawulte, B. & Alemayehu, S. A retrospective cross-sectional study on the prevalence and factors associated with virological non-suppression among HIV-positive adult patients on antiretroviral therapy in Woliso Town, Oromia, Ethiopia. Int. J. Med. Health Sci. 15 (4), 158\u2013164 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447613","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2447613","volume":"14","author":"S Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao, S. et al. The prevalence of low-level viraemia and its association with virological failure in people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg. microbes infections. 14 (1), 2447613 (2025).","journal-title":"Emerg. microbes infections"},{"key":"60636_CR7","unstructured":"Ethiopia, F. National consolidated guidelines for comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment. Addis Ababa: Fmoh ;238. (2018)."},{"issue":"8","key":"60636_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081732","volume":"15","author":"FET Foka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foka, F. E. T. & Mufhandu, H. T. Current ARTs, virologic failure, and implications for AIDS management: a systematic review. Viruses 15 (8), 1732 (2023).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1S","key":"60636_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003344","volume":"95","author":"C van Schalkwyk","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Schalkwyk, C., Mahy, M., Johnson, L. F. & Imai-Eaton, J. W. Updated data and methods for the 2023 UNAIDS HIV estimates. JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 95 (1S), e1\u2013e4 (2024).","journal-title":"JAIDS J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10002-1","volume":"24","author":"AA Berhane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Berhane, A. A. et al. Virologic suppression rate and associated factors for third-line HIV treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect. Dis. 24 (1), 1068 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"60636_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab406","volume":"77","author":"S Henerico","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henerico, S. et al. Prevalence and patterns of HIV drug resistance in patients with suspected virological failure in North-Western Tanzania. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 77 (2), 483\u2013491 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"60636_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabiibi, F., Tamukong, R., Muyindike, W. & Yadesa, T. M. Virological non-suppression, non-adherence and the associated factors among people living with HIV on dolutegravir-based regimens: a retrospective cohort study. HIV\/AIDS-Research and palliative care. :95\u2013107. (2024).","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S449947"},{"key":"60636_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machila, N. et al. Prevalence and predictors of virological failure in pediatric patients on HAART in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pan Afr. Med. J. ;45(1). (2023).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2023.45.98.37017"},{"issue":"11","key":"60636_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e087569","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-087569","volume":"14","author":"TM Aytenew","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aytenew, T. M. et al. Virological failure and associated factors among patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 14 (11), e087569 (2024).","journal-title":"BMJ open."},{"key":"60636_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fentie Wendie, T. & Workneh, B. D. Prevalence and predictors of virological failure among adults living with HIV in South Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. HIV\/AIDS-Research Palliat. Care :393\u2013402. (2020).","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S266460"},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3924-4","volume":"19","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmed, M., Merga, H. & Jarso, H. Predictors of virological treatment failure among adult HIV patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy in Woldia and Dessie hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia: a case-control study. BMC Infect. Dis. 19 (1), 305 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-023-00572-6","volume":"20","author":"S SeyedAlinaghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"SeyedAlinaghi, S. et al. Current ART, determinants for virologic failure and implications for HIV drug resistance: an umbrella review. AIDS Res. Therapy. 20 (1), 74 (2023).","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Therapy"},{"key":"60636_CR18","unstructured":"National guidelines for. comprehensive HIV prevention, care and treatment 2018."},{"issue":"06","key":"60636_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13603","volume":"15","author":"FG Samizi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Samizi, F. G., Panga, O. D., Mulugu, S. S., Gitige, C. G. & Mmbaga, E. J. Rate and predictors of HIV virological failure among adults on first-line antiretroviral treatment in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. J. Infect. Developing Ctries. 15 (06), 853\u2013860 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Developing Ctries."},{"key":"60636_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zondi, S., Cele, L., Mathibe, M. & Mogale, M. Virological non-suppression and associated factors among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at selected health facilities in uMgungundlovu district of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr. Med. J. ;47(1). (2024).","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2024.47.96.42338"},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4732-6","volume":"20","author":"AA Desta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Desta, A. A. et al. HIV virological non-suppression and factors associated with non-suppression among adolescents and adults on antiretroviral therapy in northern Ethiopia: a retrospective study. BMC Infect. Dis. 20 (1), 4 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05124-1","volume":"20","author":"D Yuan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuan, D. et al. Prevalence and determinants of virological failure, genetic diversity and drug resistance among people living with HIV in a minority area in China: a population-based study. BMC Infect. Dis. 20 (1), 443 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"60636_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.3390\/v15101978","volume":"15","author":"L Joaquim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Joaquim, L. et al. Retention in Care and Virological Failure among Adult HIV-Positive Patients on First-Line Antiretroviral Treatment in Maputo, Mozambique. Viruses 15 (10), 1978 (2023).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"60636_CR24","first-page":"1027","volume":"3","author":"J Zoungrana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zoungrana, J. et al. Prevalence and factors associated with treatment failure during antiretroviral therapy Atbobo-Dioulasso University Teaching Hospital (Burkina Faso)(2008\u20132013). Austin J. HIV AIDS Res. 3 (2), 1027 (2016).","journal-title":"Austin J. HIV AIDS Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2428-3","volume":"17","author":"L Bulage","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bulage, L. et al. Factors associated with virological non-suppression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Uganda, August 2014\u2013July 2015. BMC Infect. Dis. 17 (1), 326 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"60636_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-024-01248-5","volume":"48","author":"ET Mwavika","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mwavika, E. T. et al. Prevalence, rate, and predictors of virologic failure among adult HIV-Infected clients on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Tanzania (2018\u20132020): a retrospective cohort study. Bull. Natl. Res. Centre. 48 (1), 96 (2024).","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Centre"},{"issue":"2","key":"60636_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2024.0137","volume":"57","author":"EES Tilman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tilman, E. E. S., Damas, E. & Choi, J. Y. Factors Associated with Viral Load Non-Suppression among People Living with HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy in Dili, Timor-Leste. Infect. Chemother. 57 (2), 230\u2013237 (2025).","journal-title":"Infect. Chemother."},{"issue":"10","key":"60636_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0275204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275204","volume":"17","author":"DE Andarge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andarge, D. E., Hailu, H. E. & Menna, T. Incidence, survival time and associated factors of virological failure among adult HIV\/AIDS patients on first line antiretroviral therapy in St. Paul\u2019s Hospital Millennium Medical College\u2014A retrospective cohort study. Plos one. 17 (10), e0275204 (2022).","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"key":"60636_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6257","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S559296","volume":"18","author":"K Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, K. et al. Risk Factors Associated with Virological Failure in HIV Patients with Low Level Viremia: A Retrospective Study. Infect. Drug Resist. 18, 6257\u20136268 (2025).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60636-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60636-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60636-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:20:11Z","timestamp":1790900411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60636-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60636-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was approved by the Technical and Ethical Review Committee of the College of Health Science, Mattu University (Reference number phar199\/23). Patients\u2019 confidentiality was maintained and all collected data were used only for research purposes. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The informed consent of participants was waived by the technical and ethical review committee of the College of Health Sciences, Mattu University.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30660"}}