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However, evolutionary mechanisms enabling specific lineages to achieve pandemic dominance remain unclear. In this study, we integrated pangenomics and network analysis across 1,010 complete genomes from 38 countries. Species-wide dynamics revealed an extremely open pangenome (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.59). In contrast, the dominant ST11 lineage, representing 30% of isolates, exhibited extremely low within-lineage phylogenetic diversity, consistent with a recent clonal expansion concentrated in East Asia. The East Asian ST11 lineage exhibited the lowest pangenome diversity (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.86) associated with fixation of persistence and plasmid-stabilization systems and purging of redundant defense mechanisms. This configuration sustains a dual-tier plasmid network comprising a lineage-anchored IncFII(pHN7A8) replicon for vertical stability alongside high-connectivity hubs such as IncFIB(K) facilitating horizontal gene transfer. Chromosomal integration and tandem amplification of key resistance determinants (\n                    <jats:italic>blaK<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>PC\u22122<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>CTX\u2212M\u221215<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ) further reinforced this architecture. Consequently, 34.2% of isolates exhibited convergence of carbapenem resistance and hypervirulence. Within the East Asian ST11 clade, two dominant sub-lineages emerged: KL47:O13 (25.5%) and KL64:O2\u03b1 (72%). Despite lower IncFII(pHN7A8) penetrance, KL64 became the dominant sub-lineage, indicating that factors beyond plasmid carriage, possibly including surface antigen properties, contribute to its epidemiological success. These findings indicate that ST11 success arises from synergy between species-wide pangenome openness and lineage-specific genomic optimization, and highlight plasmid network topology as a complementary framework for genomic surveillance of adaptive clonal expansion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60651-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T16:11:08Z","timestamp":1784736668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A dual-tier plasmid network model underpins the evolutionary success of pandemic Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8561-2492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alsayed","family":"Alfiky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel Ortiz","family":"de la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"60651_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5","volume":"25","author":"H Sati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sati, H. et al. 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