{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:05:25Z","timestamp":1789981525007,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60664-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:34:35Z","timestamp":1782945275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intention to take COVID-19 vaccine and its predictors among adult residents of Jimma town, Oromia, South West Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tesfaye Solomon","family":"Kena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desta","family":"Bekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firanbon","family":"Teshome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahel Solomon","family":"Kena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tewodros Getachew","family":"Tsegaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gedion Asnake","family":"Azeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sintayehu Solomon","family":"Kena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayantu","family":"Kebede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"60664_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khan, M. et al. COVID-19: A Global Challenge with Old History, Epidemiology and Progress So Far. Molecules 26 (1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26010039 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010039"},{"key":"60664_CR2","unstructured":"History of COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/History-of-COVID-19.aspx"},{"issue":"10223","key":"60664_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, N. et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet 395 (10223), 507\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736 (2020). (20)30211-7 PubMed PMID: 32007143.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"60664_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S320771","volume":"14","author":"M Mesele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mesele, M. COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and its associated factors in Sodo Town, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study. Infect. Drug Resist. 14, 2361\u20132367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S320771 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"60664_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.supp","volume":"35","author":"REG Wadoum","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wadoum, R. E. G. & Clarke, A. How prepared is Africa to face COVID-19? Pan Afr. Med. J. 35 (Suppl 2), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.supp (2020). .2020.35.2.22665 PubMed PMID: 32528612; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7266480.","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"60664_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"The Acceptance Rate Toward COVID-19 Vaccine in Africa. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - Addisu Dabi Wake, 2021 [Internet]. [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2333794X211048738","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X211048738"},{"key":"60664_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knowledge and preventive practices towards COVID-19 and associated factors among adult hospital visitors in South Gondar Zone Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia | PLOS One [Internet]. [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0250145","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329028"},{"issue":"8","key":"60664_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.M99.0000695144.71454.73","volume":"84","author":"R Simoneaux","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simoneaux, R. & Shafer, S. L. Update on COVID-19 Vaccine Development. ASA Monit. 84 (8), 17\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.M99.0000695144.71454.73 (2020).","journal-title":"ASA Monit."},{"key":"60664_CR9","unstructured":"Ethiopia launches a COVID. -19 vaccination campaign targeting the 12 years and above population | WHO | Regional Office for Africa [Internet]. 2026 [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/news\/ethiopia-launches-covid-19-vaccination-campaign-targeting-12-years-and-above-population"},{"issue":"8","key":"60664_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473","volume":"21","author":"B Adhikari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adhikari, B. & Cheah, P. Y. Vaccine hesitancy in the COVID-19 era. Lancet Infect. Dis. 21 (8), 1086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473 (2021). -3099(21)00390-X PubMed PMID: 34217431; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8248943.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60664_CR11","unstructured":"Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike. Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus: Cell [Internet]. [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell\/fulltext\/S0092-8674(20)30820-5?os=iosno_journeystrueGPbfyOaH&ref=app"},{"key":"60664_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.003","volume":"93","author":"D Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, D. et al. Recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19: A case report. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 93, 297\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.003 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"60664_CR13","unstructured":"datadot [Internet]. [cited 2026 Mar 20]. COVID-19 cases | WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Available from: https:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases"},{"issue":"2","key":"60664_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3744147","volume":"2","author":"ER Rashed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rashed, E. R., Eissa, M. E., Rashed, E. R. & Eissa, M. E. Global assessment of morbidity and mortality pattern of CoVID-19: Descriptive statistics overview. Iberoamerican J. Med. 2 (2), 68\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3744147 (2020).","journal-title":"Iberoamerican J. Med."},{"key":"60664_CR15","unstructured":"The Impact of COVID-19 in Ethiopia. Policy Brief [Internet]. [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/gage.odi.org\/the-impact-of-covid-19-in-ethiopia-policy-brief-1\/"},{"key":"60664_CR16","unstructured":"Adherence to COVID. -19 preventive measures and associated factors in Oromia regional state of Ethiopia | PLOS One [Internet]. [cited 2026 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0257373"},{"key":"60664_CR17","unstructured":"Ritchie, H. et al. Our world in data. coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). OurWorldInData org. (2022)."},{"key":"60664_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sallam, M. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates. Vaccines 9 (2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9020160 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020160"},{"key":"60664_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S312116","volume":"14","author":"H Abebe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abebe, H., Shitu, S. & Mose, A. Understanding of COVID-19 vaccine knowledge, attitude, acceptance, and determinates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among adult population in Ethiopia. IDR 14, 2015\u20132025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S312116 (2021).","journal-title":"IDR"},{"key":"60664_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S312637","volume":"14","author":"Y Belsti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belsti, Y. et al. Willingness of Ethiopian Population to Receive COVID-19 Vaccine. J. Multidisciplinary Healthc. 14, 1233\u20131243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S312637 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Multidisciplinary Healthc."},{"key":"60664_CR21","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. TPB Questionnaire construction constructing a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire. Univ. Mass. Amherst, 1\u20137. (2019)."},{"issue":"12","key":"60664_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4838","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2011651","volume":"17","author":"G Asmare","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asmare, G. et al. Behavioral intention and its predictors toward COVID-19 vaccination among people most at risk of exposure in Ethiopia: applying the theory of planned behavior model. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 17 (12), 4838\u20134845 (2021). .2011651 PubMed PMID: 35213947; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8903977.","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"60664_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15951","volume":"31","author":"R Al-Amer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Amer, R. et al. COVID\u201019 vaccination intention in the first year of the pandemic: A systematic review. J. Clin. Nurs. 31 (1\u20132), 62\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15951 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"60664_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesfaye, Y. et al. Behavioural and contextual factors influencing intention to shift from short- to long-acting reversible contraceptive methods among women in central Ethiopia: A theory of planned behaviour-guided study. reproductive health. 19.","DOI":"10.1177\/26334941251403086"},{"issue":"2","key":"60664_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy403","volume":"55","author":"SW Grant","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grant, S. W., Hickey, G. L. & Head, S. J. Statistical primer: Multivariable regression considerations and pitfalls\u2020. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 55 (2), 179\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy403 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"issue":"7","key":"60664_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254391","volume":"16","author":"MH Ahmed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. H., Kanfe, S. G. & Jarso, M. H. Intention to receive vaccine against COVID-19 and associated factors among health professionals working at public hospitals in resource limited settings. PLoS One. 16 (7), e0254391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0254391 (2021). PubMed PMID: 34252143; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8274862.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"60664_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.11648\/j.cajph.20210702.12","volume":"7","author":"E Alice Tobin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alice Tobin, E., Okonofua, M., Adeke, A. & Obi, A. Willingness to accept a COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria: A population-based cross-sectional study. CAJPH 7 (2), 53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.cajph.20210702.12 (2021).","journal-title":"CAJPH"},{"issue":"2","key":"60664_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9020153","volume":"9","author":"JD Ditekemena","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ditekemena, J. D. et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the democratic Republic of Congo: A cross-sectional survey. Vaccines (Basel). 9 (2), 153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9020153 (2021). PubMed PMID: 33672938; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7917589.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"60664_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11197-7","volume":"21","author":"I Echoru","year":"2021","unstructured":"Echoru, I., Ajambo, P. D., Keirania, E. & Bukenya, E. E. M. Sociodemographic factors associated with acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine and clinical trials in Uganda: A cross-sectional study in western Uganda. BMC Public. Health. 21 (1), 1106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11197-7 (2021). PubMed PMID: 34112143; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8190743.","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"60664_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.027","volume":"80","author":"KO Kwok","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwok, K. O., Lai, F., Wei, W. I., Wong, S. Y. S. & Tang, J. W. T. Herd immunity - estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries. J. Infect. 80 (6), e32\u2013e33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.027 (2020). PubMed PMID: 32209383; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7151357.","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"60664_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106446","volume":"33","author":"R Muqattash","year":"2020","unstructured":"Muqattash, R., Niankara, I. & Traoret, R. I. Survey data for COVID-19 vaccine preference analysis in the United Arab Emirates. Data Brief. 33, 106446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106446 (2020). PubMed PMID: 33106773; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7577918.","journal-title":"Data Brief."},{"issue":"3","key":"60664_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030482","volume":"8","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines (Basel). 8 (3), 482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines8030482 (2020). PubMed PMID: 32867224; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7565574.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"60664_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-021-00436-8","volume":"57","author":"TA Yanto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yanto, T. A. et al. Psychological factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Indonesia. Egypt. J. Neurol. Psychiatr Neurosurg. 57 (1), 177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41983-021-00436-8 (2021). PubMed PMID: 34955630; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8685827.","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Neurol. Psychiatr Neurosurg."},{"issue":"4","key":"60664_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1108\/JSOCM-04-2021-0085","volume":"11","author":"KK Twum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Twum, K. K., Ofori, D., Agyapong, G. K. Q. & Yalley, A. A. Intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: A social marketing perspective using the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model. JSOCM 11 (4), 549\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JSOCM-04-2021-0085 (2021).","journal-title":"JSOCM"},{"issue":"8","key":"60664_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.02.031","volume":"104","author":"H Chu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chu, H. & Liu, S. Integrating health behavior theories to predict American\u2019s intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Patient Educ. Couns. 104 (8), 1878\u20131886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pec.2021.02.031 (2021). PubMed PMID: 33632632; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7889032.","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"issue":"12","key":"60664_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9121393","volume":"9","author":"MM Patwary","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patwary, M. M. et al. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among the adult population of Bangladesh using the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior model. Vaccines (Basel). 9 (12), 1393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines9121393 (2021). PubMed PMID: 34960138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8707510.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"60664_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.11.018","volume":"49","author":"JPD Guidry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guidry, J. P. D. et al. Willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine with and without emergency use authorization. Am. J. Infect. Control. 49 (2), 137\u2013142 (2021). PubMed PMID: 33227323; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC7677682.","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"60664_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10816-7","volume":"21","author":"L Shmueli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shmueli, L. Predicting intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine among the general population using the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior model. BMC Public. Health. 21 (1), 804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10816-7 (2021). PubMed PMID: 33902501; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8075011.","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"60664_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.34172\/ijhpm.2021.02","volume":"11","author":"Y Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Lau, J. T. F., Lau, M. M. C., Wong, M. C. S. & Chan, P. K. S. Understanding the prevalence and associated factors of behavioral intention of COVID-19 vaccination under specific scenarios combining effectiveness, safety, and cost in the Hong Kong Chinese general population. Int. J. Health Policy Manag. 11 (7), 1090\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/ijhpm.2021.02 (2022). PubMed PMID: 33619928; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9808181.","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Policy Manag"},{"key":"60664_CR40","unstructured":"Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K. & Viswanath, K. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice 894 (Wiley, 2008)."},{"issue":"34","key":"60664_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04","volume":"33","author":"S Goldstein","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goldstein, S., MacDonald, N. E., Guirguis, S. & SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Health communication and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine 33 (34), 4212\u20134214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04 (2015). .042 PubMed PMID: 25896382.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"60664_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S344315","volume":"14","author":"A Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta, A. & Raymond, R. J. A Response to predictors of intention to Get a COVID-19 vaccine of health science students: A cross-sectional study. [Letter]. Risk Manag Healthc. Policy. 14, 4413\u20134414. 10.2147 (2021). \/RMHP.S344315 PubMed PMID: 34737658; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8558047.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc. Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"60664_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","volume":"50","author":"I Ajzen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum Decis. Process. 50 (2), 179\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T (1991).","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum Decis. Process."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60664-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60664-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60664-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T08:45:57Z","timestamp":1789980357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60664-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60664-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Jimma University Institute of Health. A letter of ethical approval was issued on May 04, 2022, with reference number \u2018Ref. No. IHRPG\/572\/22.\u2019 The necessary permission was obtained from the Jimma town Health office, and selected kebele administrators. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from the study participants after explaining the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study. All responses were kept confidential, anonymous, and used only for research purpose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"29274"}}