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Fifty-four participants were assigned to MB-EX\/RP or standard exposure and response prevention; 40 completed treatment (20 per group) across 17 sessions. OCD symptom severity, as measured by the Yale\u2013Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), showed a significant Time \u00d7 Group interaction,\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1, 38)\u2009=\u20093.37,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05, indicating greater reductions in MB-EX\/RP relative to EX\/RP, together with a between-group effect,\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1, 38)\u2009=\u20094.88,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05, and a large overall time effect (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00b2\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    = .83). MB-EX\/RP was also associated with greater improvements in obsessive beliefs,\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1, 38)\u2009=\u200911.60,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001; dispositional mindfulness,\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1, 38)\u2009=\u200916.70,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001; and mental well-being,\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1, 38)\u2009=\u20095.38,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05. Depressive symptoms improved significantly in both groups, with a significant between-group difference favoring MB-EX\/RP,\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1, 38)\u2009=\u200914.90,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001; however, the Time \u00d7 Group interaction was not significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .19), indicating similar trajectories of change. Treatment gains were maintained descriptively at four-month follow-up, and concurrent antidepressant use did not influence outcomes. These findings suggest that integrating mindfulness into exposure-based treatment may enhance clinical outcomes in complex comorbid presentations.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    CTRI\/2021\/10\/037545 (Registered on 25\/10\/2021). Details are available at http\/\/ctri.nic.in.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60766-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:06:25Z","timestamp":1784131585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mindfulness-based exposure and response prevention in individuals with comorbid obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-0951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Asif","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaddeus","family":"Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"60766_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000466666.12779.07","volume":"21","author":"DA Drubach","year":"2015","unstructured":"Drubach, D. 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