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In the present study, three distinct endophytic fungi, namely\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    CJR-1 (GenBank Accession No. PZ477045),\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. CJR-2 (GenBank Accession No. PZ477429) and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus cf. terreus<\/jats:italic>\n                    CJR-4 (GenBank Accession No. PZ477430) were isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>Crotalaria juncea<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. plants and evaluated for antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi and growth promotion in maize. Among the isolates, CJR-4 showed potent antagonistic activity against both tested phytopathogens, inhibiting the mycelial growth of\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ITCC Accession No. 8111) and\n                    <jats:italic>Alternaria alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ITCC Accession No. 1434) by 72.41 \u00b1 5.02% and 68.31 \u00b1 1.53%. On the other hand, isolate CJR-1 showed the highest mycelial inhibition of 74.60 \u00b1 2.06% against\n                    <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Ethyl acetate crude metabolites of CJR-4 exhibited potent antifungal activity, with the highest zone of inhibition observed against\n                    <jats:italic>A. alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    (21.66 \u00b1 1.52 mm), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>F. oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (15.33 \u00b1 1.15 mm) at 150 \u00b5L of tested concentration. GC-MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract of CJR-4 revealed numerous bioactive metabolites, including diphenyl sulphone and 2-nonen-1-ol, which may contribute to its antifungal activity. In addition, 1-methylene-1H-indene and ethanone, 2-(formyloxy)-1-phenyl-, may be associated with antioxidant activity, as evidenced by potent DPPH (80.09 \u00b1 0.11%) and ABTS (92.66 \u00b1 0.17%) scavenging activities. Evaluation of PGP traits showed that CJR-1 produced the highest levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as 305.69 \u00b1 0.41 \u00b5g mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    and ammonia 85.44 \u00b1 0.63 \u00b5g mL\u207b\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , while CJR-2 exhibited the highest phosphate solubilization index (PSI) of 3.09 \u00b1 0.09. Pot experiments conducted under natural light conditions for 28 days demonstrated significantly enhanced plant growth parameters, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic pigment levels in maize plants inoculated with the CJR-4 isolate. Overall, the findings highlight that endophytic fungi exhibit multifunctional roles and show promise as microbial inoculants for sustainable crop improvement, with CJR-4 emerging as the promising candidate for further development. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to report the isolation and functional characterization of endophytic fungi from\n                    <jats:italic>Crotalaria juncea<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. plant.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60768-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:45:45Z","timestamp":1783745145000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional characterization of fungal endophytes with antagonistic and plant growth-promoting activities in maize"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-3532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Purusottam","family":"Majhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jharana","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umakant","family":"Pradhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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