{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:29:15Z","timestamp":1788276555735,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":55,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60896-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T06:53:51Z","timestamp":1783493631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A robust biometric system using wrist and dorsal vein images for person authentication"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8565-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V.","family":"Gurunathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Sudhakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"60896_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.818349","volume":"14","author":"K Jain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jain, K., Ross, A. & Prabhakar, S. An introduction to biometric recognition. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 14 (1), 4\u201320 (2004).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"60896_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2018.2798607","volume":"41","author":"T Baltrusaitis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baltrusaitis, T., Ahuja, C. & Morency, L. P. Multimodal Machine Learning: A Survey and Taxonomy. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 41 (2), 423\u2013443 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"issue":"2","key":"60896_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.821975","volume":"14","author":"KC Fan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fan, K. C. & Chih-Lung Lin and Biometric verification using thermal images of palm-dorsa vein patterns. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 14 (2), 199\u2013213 (2004).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"60896_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9743","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3002463","volume":"69","author":"L Fei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fei, L. et al. Joint Multiview Feature Learning for Hand-Print Recognition. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measurement. 69 (12), 9743\u20139755 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measurement"},{"key":"60896_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.03.102","volume":"402","author":"G Feng Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng Liu, G., Liu, Q. & Zhao, L. Shen Robust and high-security fingerprint recognition system using optical coherence tomography. Neurocomputing 402, 14\u201328 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"60896_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-024-18541-0","volume":"83","author":"K Pavan Kumar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pavan Kumar, K. et al. Ensemble recognition model with optimal training for multimodal biometric authentication. Multimedia Tools Appl. 83, 63497\u201363521 (2024).","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"issue":"5","key":"60896_CR7","first-page":"999","volume":"15","author":"W Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia, W., Cao, J. & Ding, X. Facial expression recognition using geometric features and extreme learning machine. Signal. Image Video Process. 15 (5), 999\u20131006 (2021).","journal-title":"Signal. Image Video Process."},{"issue":"4","key":"60896_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5815\/ijigsp.2024.04.04","volume":"16","author":"A Shivanand Gornale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shivanand Gornale, A., Patil, K. W., Goh, S. & Kumar, K. R. Fingerprint Image Fusion: A Cutting-edge Perspective on Gender Classification via Rotational Invariant Features. Int. J. Image Graphics Signal. Processing(IJIGSP). 16 (4), 42\u201355 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Image Graphics Signal. Processing(IJIGSP)"},{"key":"60896_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.109643","volume":"142","author":"N Aherrahrou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aherrahrou, N. & Tairi, H. A novel cancelable finger vein templates based on LDM and RetinexGan. Pattern Recogn. 142, 109643 (2023).","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn."},{"key":"60896_CR10","first-page":"100708","volume":"30","author":"M Hammad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hammad, M., ElAffendi, M. & Abd El-Latif, A. A. Cancelable finger vein authentication using multidimensional scaling based on deep learning. Egypt. Inf. J. 30, 100708, (2025).","journal-title":"Egypt. Inf. J."},{"key":"60896_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103876","volume":"142","author":"SS Amber Hayat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amber Hayat, S. S., Ali, A. K., Bhateja, N. & Werghi FinTem: A secure and non-invertible technique for fingerprint template protection. Computers Secur. 142, 103876 (2024).","journal-title":"Computers Secur."},{"key":"60896_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.104227","volume":"150","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Y., Zhang, W. W. Y. & Chuanyang, L. Palm vein template protection scheme for resisting similarity attack. Computers Secur. 150, 104227 (2025).","journal-title":"Computers Secur."},{"issue":"1","key":"60896_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2023.030789","volume":"74","author":"M Salwa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salwa, M., Serag Eldin, A., Sedik, S. S., Alshamrani, A. M. & Ayoup Cancellable Multi-Biometric Feature Veins Template Generation Based on SHA-3 Hashing. Computers Mater. Continua. 74 (1), 733\u2013749 (2023).","journal-title":"Computers Mater. Continua"},{"key":"60896_CR14","first-page":"200552","volume":"7","author":"AA Mohamed Hammad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohamed Hammad, A. A., Ateya, M., ElAffendi, A. A. & Abd El-Latif Cancelable random masking with deep learning for secure and interpretable finger vein authentication. Intell. Syst. Appl. 7, 200552 (2025).","journal-title":"Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"60896_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2025.108863","volume":"113(Part A)","author":"J Lee","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lee, J., Ong, T. S., Connie, T. & Teng, J. H. Cancellable finger vein biometrics using random block histogram transformation. Biomedical Signal. Process. Control 113(Part A), 108863, (2026).","journal-title":"Biomedical Signal. Process. Control 113(Part A)"},{"key":"60896_CR16","first-page":"2","volume":"4","author":"JHTTS Ong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ong, J. H. T. T. S., Kalaiarasi, S. M. A. & Tee, C. Finger Vein Template Protection with Directional Bloom Filter. HighTech Innov. J. 4, 2, (2023).","journal-title":"HighTech Innov. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"60896_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1049\/bme2.12075","volume":"11","author":"A Bassit","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bassit, A., Hahn, F., Veldhuis, R. & Peter, A. Hybrid biometric template protection: Resolving the agony of choice between bloom filters and homomorphic encryption. IET Biom. 11 (5), 430\u2013444 (2022).","journal-title":"IET Biom."},{"key":"60896_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2025.105018","volume":"160","author":"TS Sasikala","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sasikala, T. S. Multimodal secure biometrics using attention efficient-net hash compression framework. Digit. Signal Proc. 160, 105018 (2025).","journal-title":"Digit. Signal Proc."},{"key":"60896_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120638","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3450372","volume":"12","author":"S Hadil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohamed Hammad; Mudasir Ahmad Wani; Kashish Ara Shakil, Hadil, S., Ahmed, A. A. & El-Latif Deep Cancelable Multibiometric Finger Vein and Fingerprint Authentication With Non-Negative Matrix Factorization. IEEE Access. 12, 120638\u2013120660 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60896_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121096","volume":"235","author":"TS Sasikala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sasikala, T. S. A secure multi-modal biometrics using deep ConvGRU neural networks based hashing. Expert Syst. Appl. 235, 121096 (2024).","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"60896_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111286","volume":"154","author":"S Zhu Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu Wen, S., Han, Y. Y., Xiang, X., Lin, S. & Xu, X. Empowering robust biometric authentication: The fusion of deep learning and security image analysis. Appl. Soft Comput. 154, 111286 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"60896_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2025.108287","volume":"111","author":"N Divya Singla","year":"2026","unstructured":"Divya Singla, N. & Verma, E. P. V. M. An efficient privacy-preserving palm vein model for user authentication. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 111, 108287, (2026).","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"60896_CR23","first-page":"103740","volume":"82","author":"A Shreyansh Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shreyansh Sharma, A., Saini, S. & Chaudhury Multimodal biometric user authentication using improved decentralized fuzzy vault scheme based on Blockchain network. J. Inf. Secur. Appl. 82, 103740 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur. Appl."},{"key":"60896_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3559791","volume":"20","author":"T Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie, T. & Kang, W. A Random-Binding-Based Bio-Hashing Template Protection Method for Palm Vein Recognition. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 20, 4243\u20134255 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"60896_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4601","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3378427","volume":"19","author":"D Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo, D., Qiao, Y., Xie, D., Zhang, S. & Kang, W. Palm Vein Recognition Under Unconstrained and Weak-Cooperative Conditions. IEEE Trans. Inform. Forensics Security. 19, 4601\u20134614 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Forensics Security"},{"key":"60896_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18488","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3358209","volume":"12","author":"R Nour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nour, R., Moustafa, H. E. D., Abdelhay, E. H. & Ata, M. M. Improved Unsupervised Deep Boltzmann Learning Approach for Accurate Hand Vein Recognition. IEEE Access. 12, 18488\u201318507 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60896_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2023.06.016","volume":"172","author":"Y Hao Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao Liu, Y. et al. CanBiPT: Cancelable biometrics with physical template. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 172, 213\u2013220 (2023).","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"60896_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6715","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3564514","volume":"47","author":"Y Qiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiao, Y., Kang, W., Luo, D. & Huang, J. Normalized-Full-Palmar-Hand: Toward More Accurate Hand-Based Multimodal Biometrics. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 47 (8), 6715\u20136730 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"60896_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.09.020","volume":"150","author":"G Zhousheng Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhousheng Wang, G., Yang, H., Dai, Y. & Bai, D. A. F. L. Domain adaptation-based federated learning for privacy-preserving biometric recognition. Future Generation Comput. Syst. 150, 436\u2013450 (2024).","journal-title":"Future Generation Comput. Syst."},{"key":"60896_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmy, M., El-Sayed, M., El-Rabaie, I., El-Dokany, F. E. & Abd El-Samie A novel cancellable biometric recognition system based on Rubik\u2019s cube technique for cyber-security applications Vol. 285 (Optik, 2023). 170475.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2022.170475"},{"key":"60896_CR31","first-page":"200256","volume":"19","author":"SB Abdullahi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdullahi, S. B., Bature, Z. A., Chophuk, P. & Muhammad, A. Sequence-wise multimodal biometric fingerprint and finger-vein recognition network (STMFPFV-Net). Intell. Syst. Appl. 19, 200256 (2023).","journal-title":"Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"issue":"2","key":"60896_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2023.3239866","volume":"5","author":"M Sadeghpour","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sadeghpour, M., Arakala, A., Davis, S. A. & Horadam, K. J. Protection of Sparse Retinal Templates Using Cohort-Based Dissimilarity Vectors. IEEE Trans. Biometrics Behav. Identity Sci. 5 (2), 233\u2013243 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biometrics Behav. Identity Sci."},{"key":"60896_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-023-10579-x","volume":"131","author":"T Sandhya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sandhya, T. & Reddy, G. S. An Optimized Elman Neural Network for Contactless Palm-Vein Recognition Framework. Wireless Pers. Commun. 131, 2773\u20132795 (2023).","journal-title":"Wireless Pers. Commun."},{"key":"60896_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallabhadas, D. K., Sandhya, M., Sarkar, S. & Chandra, Y. R. Multimodal biometric authentication using Fully Homomorphic Encryption, International Conference on Paradigm Shifts in Communications Embedded Systems, Machine Learning and Signal Processing, Nagpur, India, 2023. pp. 1\u20136, 2023. (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/PCEMS58491.2023.10136104"},{"key":"60896_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2024.106006","volume":"91","author":"DK Vallabhadas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vallabhadas, D. K., Sandhya, M., Reddy, S. D., Satwika, D. & Prashanth, G. L. Biometric template protection based on a cancelable convolutional neural network over iris and fingerprint. Biomed. Signal Process. Control. 91, 106006 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"issue":"20","key":"60896_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2011.1441","volume":"47","author":"R Kabaci\u0144ski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kabaci\u0144ski, R. & Kowalski, M. Vein pattern database and benchmark results. Electron. Lett. 47 (20), 1127\u20131128 (2011).","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"60896_CR37","unstructured":"A Database of Dorsal Hand Vein Images. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2012.05383"},{"key":"60896_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurunathan, V., Bharathi, S. & Sudhakar, R. Image enhancement techniques for palm vein images, International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems, pp. 1\u20135. (Coimbatore, India, 2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCS.2015.7324128"},{"issue":"8","key":"60896_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/ietisy\/e90-d.8.1185","volume":"E90-D","author":"N Miura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miura, N., Nagasaka, A. & Miyatake, T. Extraction of finger-vein patterns using maximum curvature points in image profiles. IEICE. Trans. Inf. Syst. E90-D (8), 1185\u20131194 (2007).","journal-title":"IEICE. Trans. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"60896_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-021-00810-9","volume":"28","author":"BA El-Rahiem","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Rahiem, B. A., El-Samie, F. E. A. & Amin, M. Multimodal biometric authentication based on deep fusion of electrocardiogram (ECG) and finger vein. Multimedia Syst. 28, 1325\u20131337 (2022).","journal-title":"Multimedia Syst."},{"key":"60896_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshpande, P. D., Tavildar, A. S., Dandwate, Y. H. & Shah, E. Fusion of dorsal palm vein and palm print modalities for higher security applications. Conference on Advances in Signal Processing (CASP), pp. 201\u2013206, (Pune, India, 2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CASP.2016.7746165"},{"issue":"12","key":"60896_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnsns.2012.05.033","volume":"17","author":"A Akhshani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akhshani, A., Akhavan, A., Lim, S. C. & Hassan, Z. An image encryption scheme based on quantum logistic map. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 17 (12), 4653\u20134661 (2012).","journal-title":"Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul."},{"issue":"10","key":"60896_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1142\/S021812740401151X","volume":"14","author":"Y Mao","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mao, Y., Chen, G. & Lian, S. A novel fast image encryption scheme based on 3D chaotic baker maps. Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos. 14 (10), 3613\u20133624 (2004).","journal-title":"Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos"},{"issue":"8","key":"60896_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.11.023","volume":"24","author":"X Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, X. & Hu, C. J. Adaptive medical image encryption algorithm based on multiple chaotic mapping. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 24 (8), 1821\u20131827 (2017).","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"60896_CR45","first-page":"562","volume":"54","author":"M Kaur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaur, M. & Kumar, V. Efficient image encryption method based on improved Lorenz chaotic system. Image Vis. Process. Disp. Technol. 54 (9), 562\u2013564 (2018).","journal-title":"Image Vis. Process. Disp. Technol."},{"key":"60896_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2014.12.043","volume":"342","author":"H Xingyuan Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xingyuan Wang, H. & Zhang A color image encryption with heterogeneous bit-permutation and correlated chaos. Opt. Commun. 342, 51\u201360 (2015).","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"60896_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-018-4426-4","volume":"94","author":"Z Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, Z., Peng, C., Li, L. & Zhu, X. A novel plaintext-related image encryption scheme using hyper-chaotic system. Nonlinear Dyn. 94, 1319\u20131333 (2018).","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"60896_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-018-4390-z","volume":"94","author":"ML Sahari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sahari, M. L. & Boukemara, I. A pseudo-random numbers generator based on a novel 3D chaotic map with an application to color image encryption. Nonlinear Dyn. 94, 723\u2013744 (2018).","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"60896_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.165661","volume":"224","author":"SYD Nezhad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nezhad, S. Y. D., Safdarian, N. & Zadeh, S. A. H. New method for fingerprint images encryption using DNA sequence and chaotic tent map. Optik 224, 165661 (2020).","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"60896_CR50","unstructured":"SDUMLA-HM. \u2018Finger vein database\u2019, Available at http:\/\/mla.sdu.edu.cn\/info\/1006\/1195.htmm (2016)."},{"issue":"7","key":"60896_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.11.033","volume":"41","author":"MSM Asaari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asaari, M. S. M. & Suandi, S. A. Bakhtiar Affendi Rosdi, Fusion of Band Limited Phase Only Correlation and Width Centroid Contour Distance for finger based biometrics. Expert Syst. Appl. 41 (7), 3367\u20133382 (2014).","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"60896_CR52","unstructured":"Badawi, A. M. Hand Vein Database, at Systems and Biomedical Engineering (Cairo University, 2005)."},{"issue":"3","key":"60896_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2016.0112","volume":"6","author":"S Veluchamy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veluchamy, S., Karlmarx, L. & R System for multimodal biometric recognition based on finger knuckle and finger vein using feature-level fusion and k\u2010support vector machine classifier. IET Biom. 6 (3), 232\u2013242 (2017).","journal-title":"IET Biom."},{"key":"60896_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2023153","volume":"18","author":"A Kumar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Prathyusha, K. & V Personal authentication using hand vein triangulation and knuckle shape. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 18, 2127\u20132136 (2009).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"60896_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-017-3648-9","volume":"24","author":"D Verma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Verma, D. & Dubey, S. Fuzzy least brain storm optimization and entropy-based Euclidean distance for multimodal vein-based recognition system. J. Cent. South. Univ. 24, 2360\u20132371 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cent. South. Univ."},{"issue":"2","key":"60896_CR56","first-page":"841","volume":"42","author":"S Kaur","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaur, S. et al. PCANet based biometric system with fusion of palmprint and dorsal hand vein. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 42 (2), 841\u2013849 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"60896_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29021","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-08914-6","volume":"79","author":"C Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou, C., Huang, J., Yang, F. & Liu, Y. A hybrid fusion model of iris, palm vein and finger vein for multi-biometric recognition system. Multimedia Tools Appl. 79, 29021\u201329042 (2020).","journal-title":"Multimedia Tools Appl."},{"key":"60896_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-018-1311-2","volume":"49","author":"R Dwivedi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dwivedi, R. & Dey, S. A novel hybrid score level and decision level fusion scheme for cancelable multi-biometric verification. Appl. Intell. 49, 1016\u20131035 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"60896_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165692","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3488552","volume":"12","author":"CC Rakowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rakowski, C. C. & Bourlai, T. On Designing a Near Infrared Dorsal Hand Vein Authentication System. IEEE Access. 12, 165692\u2013165707 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60896_CR60","first-page":"1","volume":"72","author":"TV Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. V., Horng, S. J., Vu, D. T., Chen, H. & Li, T. LAWNet: A Lightweight Attention-Based Deep Learning Model for Wrist Vein Verification in Smartphones Using RGB Images. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 72, 1\u201310 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"60896_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60436","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3393558","volume":"12","author":"R Albano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Albano, R., Giusti, L., Maiorana, E. & Campisi, P. Explainable Vision Transformers for Vein Biometric Recognition. IEEE Access. 12, 60436\u201360446 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60896_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4943","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3562690","volume":"20","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. ColorVein: Colorful Cancelable Vein Biometrics. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 20, 4943\u20134955 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"60896_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74525","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988714","volume":"8","author":"F Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, F., Jiang, S., Kang, B. & Hou, T. A Recognition System for Partially Occluded Dorsal Hand Vein Using Improved Biometric Graph Matching. IEEE Access. 8, 74525\u201374534 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60896_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107159","volume":"227","author":"H Ren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ren, H., Sun, L., Guo, J., Han, C. & Wu, F. Finger vein recognition system with template protection based on convolutional neural network. Knowl. Based Syst. 227, 107159 (2021).","journal-title":"Knowl. Based Syst."},{"key":"60896_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2917156","volume":"15","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., Cheng, L. M. & Khan, A. Lightweight and Privacy-Preserving Template Generation for Palm-Vein-Based Human Recognition. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 15, 184\u2013194 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"60896_CR66","first-page":"7","volume":"15","author":"S Wencheng Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wencheng Yang, S. et al. Securing Deep Learning Based Edge FingerVein Biometrics With Binary Decision Diagram. IEEE Trans. Industrial Inf. 15, 7, (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industrial Inf."},{"issue":"12","key":"60896_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9777","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2018.2823686","volume":"65","author":"P Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta, P. & Gupta, P. Multibiometric Authentication System Using Slap Fingerprints, Palm Dorsal Vein, and Hand Geometry. IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 65 (12), 9777\u20139784 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron."},{"key":"60896_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.116678","volume":"196","author":"P Dharmalingam Muthusamy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dharmalingam Muthusamy, P. & Rakkimuthu Trilateral Filterative Hermitian feature transformed deep perceptive fuzzy neural network for finger vein verification. Expert Syst. Appl. 196, 116678 (2022).","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"60896_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114584","volume":"171","author":"WF Ou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ou, W. F. et al. Fusion loss and inter-class data augmentation for deep finger vein feature learning. Expert Syst. Appl. 171, 114584 (2021).","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"60896_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82461","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2991475","volume":"8","author":"O Toygar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toygar, O., Babalola, F. O. & Bi\u0307ti\u0307ri\u0307m, Y. FYO: A Novel Multimodal Vein Database With Palmar, Dorsal and Wrist Biometrics. IEEE Access. 8, 82461\u201382470 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60896_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120638","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3450372","volume":"12","author":"M Hammad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hammad, M., Wani, M. A., Shakil, K. A., Shaiba, H. & El-Latif, A. A. A. Deep Cancelable Multibiometric Finger Vein and Fingerprint Authentication With Non-Negative Matrix Factorization. IEEE Access. 12, 120638\u2013120660 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"60896_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guimin Jia, X. Z. & Gao, F. End-to-end finger vein encryption recognition framework. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 119, Part A, (2026).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2026.109848"},{"key":"60896_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4243","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3559791","volume":"20","author":"T Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie, T. & Kang, W. A Random-Binding-Based Bio-Hashing Template Protection Method for Palm Vein Recognition. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 20, 4243\u20134255 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"60896_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2021.11.018","volume":"585","author":"E Christof Kauba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Christof Kauba, E. et al. Towards practical cancelable biometrics for finger vein recognition. Inf. Sci. 585, 395\u2013417 (2022).","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"60896_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.2025.3563315","volume":"7","author":"I Riaz","year":"2026","unstructured":"Riaz, I., Nazri Ali, A., Ibrahim, H. & Huqqani, I. A. Multimodal Biometric Recognition System Based on Feature-Level Fusion of Dorsal Finger Crease and Finger Knuckle Print. IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell. 7 (4), 1904\u20131916 (2026).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60896-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60896-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60896-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:12:37Z","timestamp":1788275557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-60896-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["60896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60896-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"27394"}}