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To meet the stringent technical requirements of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), laboratories must enhance their operational procedures. The Bar Adsorptive MicroExtraction (BA\u03bcE), a modern technique aligned with the green analytical chemistry and successfully applied to various matrices, represents a promising alternative in the anti-doping context. The BA\u03bcE was applied for the qualitative identification of Cocaine and three metabolites (BenzoylecGonine, ecGonine Methyl Ester and Cocaethylene) in human urine, followed by derivatization and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry analysis. Using optimized conditions, the method provided limits of identification of 1.0\u201310.0\u00a0ng\/mL, linear calibration curves of 1.0\u2013200.0\u00a0ng\/mL,\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.9950, extraction recoveries of 39.4%\u201371.1%, with high selectivity, robustness, accuracy and precision. Five urine samples were successfully assayed, with unequivocal detection of several target compounds. The BA\u03bcE-based methodology was successfully applied for the first time to anti-doping control of cocaine in human urine, providing high selectivity, sensitivity, and reduced interferences with minimal toxic solvent use. The BA\u03bcE(P3)-\u03bcLD\/GC\u2013MS(SIM) approach is cost-effective, user\/eco-friendly, and\n                    <jats:italic>fit-for-purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    as it complies with all WADA technical requirements.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-60958-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:44:10Z","timestamp":1783619050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bar adsorptive microextraction for the qualitative detection of cocaine and its metabolites in urine for anti-doping control"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"In\u00eas Margarida Martins","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Vitor","family":"de Paiva e Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"da Rosa Neng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel Flor\u00eancio","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Nuno Cort\u00eas Fernandez","family":"Ruivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"60958_CR1","volume-title":"Doping, Performance-Enhancing Drugs, and Hormones in Sport - Mechanisms of Action and Methods of Detection","author":"AC Hackney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hackney, A. 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All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"31604"}}