{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:59:55Z","timestamp":1793451595656,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":93,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH112588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH112588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK119814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK119814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61029-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T11:04:24Z","timestamp":1783940664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Restriction spectrum imaging reveals brain microstructural correlates of obesity risk in early childhood"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Bayat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Curzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa L.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilyn","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Coccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dea","family":"Garic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa Okan","family":"Irfanoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo A.","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-8155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony Steven","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"61029_CR1","unstructured":"Fryar, C.\u00a0D., Carroll, M.\u00a0D. & Ogden, C.\u00a0L.: Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among adults aged 20 and over: United states, 1960\u20131962 through 2015\u20132016 (2018)."},{"key":"61029_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.222","volume":"35","author":"JJ Reilly","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reilly, J. J. & Kelly, J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int. J. Obes. 35, 891\u2013898 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"61029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.12.014","volume":"35","author":"ER Pulgar\u00f3n","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pulgar\u00f3n, E. R. Childhood obesity: a review of increased risk for physical and psychological comorbidities. Clin. Ther. 35, A18\u2013A32 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"61029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.12.020","volume":"73","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Tomasi, D. & Baler, R. D. The addictive dimensionality of obesity. Biol. Psychiat. 73, 811\u2013818 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"61029_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01640-5","volume":"27","author":"DA Barbosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barbosa, D. A. et al. Aberrant impulse control circuitry in obesity. Mol. Psychiatry 27, 3374\u20133384 (2022).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"61029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23792","volume":"31","author":"KS Burger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burger, K. S. Food reinforcement architecture: A framework for impulsive and compulsive overeating and food abuse. Obesity (Silver Spring) 31, 1734\u20131744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.23792 (2023).","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"61029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007918117","volume":"117","author":"KM Rapuano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rapuano, K. M. et al. Nucleus accumbens cytoarchitecture predicts weight gain in children. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 26977\u201326984 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"61029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.01.002","volume":"70","author":"KM Rapuano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rapuano, K. M. et al. Longitudinal evidence of a vicious cycle between nucleus accumbens microstructure and childhood weight gain. J. Adolesc. Health 70, 961\u2013969 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"61029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.22211","volume":"8","author":"S Adise","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adise, S. et al. Distinct patterns of weight gain, age, and subcortical microstructure in early adolescence. JAMA Netw. Open 8, e2522211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.22211 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"61029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adise, S., Li, Z., A., Ottino-Gonzalez, J., Morys, F., Chiarelli, P.,A., & Hershey, T. Multicenter study observational study. JAMA Netw Open. 8(7), e2522211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.22211 (2025).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.22211"},{"key":"61029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.06.014","volume":"128","author":"S Adise","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adise, S., Geier, C. F., Roberts, N. J., White, C. N. & Keller, K. L. Is brain response to food rewards related to overeating? a test of the reward surfeit model of overeating in children. Appetite 128, 167\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.appet.2018.06.014 (2018).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"61029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4181-3","volume":"60","author":"JD Douglass","year":"2017","unstructured":"Douglass, J. D., Dorfman, M. D. & Thaler, J. P. Glia: silent partners in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. Diabetologia 60, 226\u2013236 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"61029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21454","volume":"34","author":"NS White","year":"2013","unstructured":"White, N. S., Leergaard, T. B., D\u2019Arceuil, H., Bjaalie, J. G. & Dale, A. M. Probing tissue microstructure with restriction spectrum imaging: histological and theoretical validation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34, 327\u2013346 (2013).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"61029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3534","volume":"74","author":"NS White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White, N. S. et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging in cancer: physical foundations and applications of restriction spectrum imaging. Can. Res. 74, 4638\u20134652 (2014).","journal-title":"Can. Res."},{"key":"61029_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3327","volume":"34","author":"NS White","year":"2013","unstructured":"White, N. S. et al. Improved conspicuity and delineation of high-grade primary and metastatic brain tumors using \u201crestriction spectrum imaging\u2019\u2019: quantitative comparison with high b-value dwi and adc. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 34, 958\u2013964 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"61029_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25419","volume":"45","author":"RL Brunsing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brunsing, R. L. et al. Restriction spectrum imaging: An evolving imaging biomarker in prostate mri. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 45, 323\u2013336 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"61029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2021.101044","volume":"53","author":"CE Palmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmer, C. E. et al. Microstructural development from 9 to 14 years: Evidence from the abcd study. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 53, 101044 (2022).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"61029_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.113.4.663","volume":"113","author":"TC Pritchard","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pritchard, T. C., Macaluso, D. A. & Eslinger, P. J. Taste perception in patients with insular cortex lesions. Behav. Neurosci. 113, 663 (1999).","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"61029_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000602","volume":"71","author":"H-R Berthoud","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berthoud, H.-R. The neurobiology of food intake in an obesogenic environment. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71, 478\u2013487 (2012).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"61029_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2015.07.002","volume":"110","author":"ET Rolls","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rolls, E. T. Functions of the anterior insula in taste, autonomic, and related functions. Brain Cogn. 110, 4\u201319 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"61029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.206","volume":"39","author":"K Boutelle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boutelle, K. et al. Increased brain response to appetitive tastes in the insula and amygdala in obese compared with healthy weight children when sated. Int. J. Obes. 39, 620\u2013628 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"61029_CR22","volume":"15","author":"Y Nakamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakamura, Y. & Koike, S. Association of disinhibited eating and trait of impulsivity with insula and amygdala responses to palatable liquid consumption. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 15, 647143 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"61029_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010932118","volume":"118","author":"JA Avery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Avery, J. A., Liu, A. G., Ingeholm, J. E., Gotts, S. J. & Martin, A. Viewing images of foods evokes taste quality-specific activity in gustatory insular cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 118, e2010932118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"61029_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-017-9711-1","volume":"12","author":"S Doornweerd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doornweerd, S. et al. Brain reward responses to food stimuli among female monozygotic twins discordant for bmi. Brain Imaging Behav. 12, 718\u2013727 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"61029_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-023-00773-7","volume":"17","author":"KM Rapuano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rapuano, K. M. et al. Heightened sensitivity to high-calorie foods in children at risk for obesity: insights from behavior, neuroimaging, and genetics. Brain Imaging Behav. 17, 461\u2013470 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"61029_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, S. et al. Structural and functional brain changes in children and adolescents with obesity. Obes. Rev. e70001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.70001 (2025).","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70001"},{"key":"61029_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, R. P. The relationship between brain perfusion and structure in youth with obesity, with and without type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. NeuroImage: Clin. 103828 (2025).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2025.103828"},{"key":"61029_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac023","volume":"44","author":"LE Sewaybricker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sewaybricker, L. E., Huang, A., Chandrasekaran, S., Melhorn, S. J. & Schur, E. A. The significance of hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis for the pathogenesis of obesity in humans. Endocr. Rev. 44, 281\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnac023 (2023).","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"61029_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.005","volume":"40","author":"O Guillemot-Legris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guillemot-Legris, O. & Muccioli, G. G. Obesity-induced neuroinflammation: beyond the hypothalamus. Trends Neurosci. 40, 237\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2017.02.005 (2017).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"61029_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-019-01138-9","volume":"42","author":"J Seong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Seong, J., Kang, J. Y., Sun, J. S. & Kim, K. W. Hypothalamic inflammation and obesity: a mechanistic review. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 42, 383\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12272-019-01138-9 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal. Res."},{"key":"61029_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021014-071656","volume":"77","author":"M Valdearcos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valdearcos, M., Xu, A. W. & Koliwad, S. K. Hypothalamic inflammation in the control of metabolic function. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 77, 131\u2013160 (2015).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"61029_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1595-4","volume":"132","author":"C Baufeld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baufeld, C., Osterloh, A., Prokop, S., Miller, K. R. & Heppner, F. L. High-fat diet-induced brain region-specific phenotypic spectrum of cns resident microglia. Acta Neuropathol. 132, 361\u2013375 (2016).","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"61029_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0067","volume":"66","author":"C Kreutzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kreutzer, C. et al. Hypothalamic inflammation in human obesity is mediated by environmental and genetic factors. Diabetes 66, 2407\u20132415 (2017).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"61029_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12486","volume":"14","author":"LE Sewaybricker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sewaybricker, L. E. et al. Initial evidence for hypothalamic gliosis in children with obesity by quantitative t2 mri and implications for blood oxygen-level dependent response to glucose ingestion. Pediatr. Obes. 14, e12486 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"61029_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/59.5.955","volume":"59","author":"WH Dietz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dietz, W. H. Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59, 955\u2013959 (1994).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"61029_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2511835","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.11835","volume":"8","author":"C Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu, C. et al. Early-life factors and body mass index trajectories among children in the echo cohort. JAMA Netw. Open 8, e2511835\u2013e2511835 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"61029_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492126","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1492126","volume":"15","author":"HJ MacDonald","year":"2024","unstructured":"MacDonald, H. J., Kleppe, R., Szigetvari, P. D. & Haavik, J. The dopamine hypothesis for adhd: An evaluation of evidence accumulated from human studies and animal models. Front. Psych. 15, 1492126 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Psych."},{"key":"61029_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579405050376","volume":"17","author":"JT Nigg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nigg, J. T. & Casey, B. An integrative theory of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences. Dev. Psychopathol. 17, 785\u2013806 (2005).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"61029_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1308","volume":"302","author":"ND Volkow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Volkow, N. D. et al. Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in adhd: clinical implications. JAMA 302, 1084\u20131091 (2009).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"61029_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.11.005","volume":"43","author":"JT Nigg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nigg, J. T. et al. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) and being overweight\/obesity: New data and meta-analysis. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 43, 67\u201379 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"61029_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00531-y","volume":"10","author":"Y Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Miller, R. & Groth, S. W. A literature review of dopamine in binge eating. J. Eat. Disord. 10, 11 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"61029_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-020-00346-w","volume":"10","author":"S Turan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Turan, S., Tunct\u00fcrk, M., \u00c7\u0131ray, R. O., Hala\u00e7, E. & Ermi\u015f, \u00c7. Adhd and risk of childhood adiposity: a review of recent research. Curr. Nutr. Rep. 10, 30\u201346 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"61029_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsad090","volume":"49","author":"MM Curzon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Curzon, M. M., Dick, A. S., Coccia, C. & Graziano, P. A. Exploring differences in physical health in young children with and without adhd. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 49, 120\u2013130 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"key":"61029_CR44","unstructured":"Wechsler, D., Scales, P.\u00a0I. & Index, V.\u00a0C. Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence\u2014Fourth Edition (publisherPearson Assessments San Antonio, TX, 2012)."},{"key":"61029_CR45","unstructured":"Goldstein, S. & Naglieri, J.\u00a0A. Autism spectrum rating scales (ASRS) (publisherMulti-Health System, 2009)."},{"key":"61029_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00014","volume":"39","author":"D Shaffer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Lucas, C. P., Dulcan, M. K. & Schwab-Stone, M. E. Nimh diagnostic interview schedule for children version iv (nimh disc-iv): Description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 39, 28\u201338 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"61029_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3503_3","volume":"35","author":"GA Fabiano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fabiano, G. A. et al. A practical measure of impairment: Psychometric properties of the impairment rating scale in samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 35, 369\u2013385 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"61029_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3503_3","volume":"35","author":"GA Fabiano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fabiano, G. A. et al. A practical measure of impairment: Psychometric properties of the impairment rating scale in samples of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and two school-based samples. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 35, 369\u2013385 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"key":"61029_CR49","unstructured":"Association, A. P. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2013) (edition5th edn)."},{"key":"61029_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/nol_a_00168","author":"M Curtis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Curtis, M. et al. Structural development of speech networks in young children: A cross-sectional study. Neurobiol. Lang. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/nol_a_00168 (2025).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Lang."},{"key":"61029_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2024.11.025","volume":"185","author":"M Bayat","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bayat, M. et al. Reduced recruitment of inhibitory control regions in very young children with adhd during a modified kiddie continuous performance task: A fmri study. Cortex 185, 153\u2013169 (2025).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"61029_CR52","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control. Child and teen BMI categories (2024)."},{"key":"61029_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23228","volume":"68","author":"MD Tisdall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tisdall, M. D. et al. Volumetric navigators for prospective motion correction and selective reacquisition in neuroanatomical mri. Magn. Reson. Med. 68, 389\u2013399 (2012).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"61029_CR54","volume":"202","author":"DJ Hagler Jr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hagler, D. J. Jr. et al. Image processing and analysis methods for the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Neuroimage 202, 116091 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016","volume":"142","author":"J Veraart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veraart, J. et al. Denoising of diffusion mri using random matrix theory. Neuroimage 142, 394\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26054","volume":"76","author":"E Kellner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kellner, E., Dhital, B., Kiselev, V. G. & Reisert, M. Gibbs-ringing artifact removal based on local subvoxel-shifts. Magn. Reson. Med. 76, 1574\u20131581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mrm.26054 (2016).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"61029_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10677","volume":"51","author":"GK Rohde","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rohde, G. K., Barnett, A., Basser, P., Marenco, S. & Pierpaoli, C. Comprehensive approach for correction of motion and distortion in diffusion-weighted mri. Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 51, 103\u2013114 (2004).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"61029_CR58","unstructured":"Pierpaoli, C. Tortoise: an integrated software package for processing of diffusion mri data. In ISMRM 18th annual meeting (2010)."},{"key":"61029_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.058","volume":"141","author":"JL Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson, J. L., Graham, M. S., Zsoldos, E. & Sotiropoulos, S. N. Incorporating outlier detection and replacement into a non-parametric framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion mr images. Neuroimage 141, 556\u2013572 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.085","volume":"152","author":"JL Andersson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andersson, J. L. et al. Towards a comprehensive framework for movement and distortion correction of diffusion mr images: Within volume movement. Neuroimage 152, 450\u2013466 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2019.05.008","volume":"64","author":"KG Schilling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schilling, K. G. et al. Synthesized b0 for diffusion distortion correction (synb0-disco). Magn. Reson. Imaging 64, 62\u201370 (2019).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"61029_CR62","volume":"15","author":"KG Schilling","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schilling, K. G. et al. Distortion correction of diffusion weighted mri without reverse phase-encoding scans or field-maps. PLoS ONE 15, e0236418 (2020).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"61029_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.11.042","volume":"106","author":"MO Irfanoglu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Irfanoglu, M. O. et al. Dr-buddi (diffeomorphic registration for blip-up blip-down diffusion imaging) method for correcting echo planar imaging distortions. Neuroimage 106, 284\u2013299 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1109\/42.158935","volume":"11","author":"H Chang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chang, H. & Fitzpatrick, J. M. A technique for accurate magnetic resonance imaging in the presence of field inhomogeneities. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 11, 319\u2013329 (1992).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"61029_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7","volume":"20","author":"JL Andersson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Andersson, J. L., Skare, S. & Ashburner, J. How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: application to diffusion tensor imaging. Neuroimage 20, 870\u2013888 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR66","first-page":"499","volume":"19","author":"PS Morgan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morgan, P. S., Bowtell, R. W., McIntyre, D. J. & Worthington, B. S. Correction of spatial distortion in epi due to inhomogeneous static magnetic fields using the reversed gradient method. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 19, 499\u2013507 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"61029_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.044","volume":"50","author":"D Holland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Holland, D., Kuperman, J. M. & Dale, A. M. Efficient correction of inhomogeneous static magnetic field-induced distortion in echo planar imaging. Neuroimage 50, 175\u2013183 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR68","unstructured":"Glover, G. & Pelc, N. Method for correcting image distortion due to gradient nonuniformity. 1986. Google Patents (2019)."},{"key":"61029_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10545","volume":"50","author":"R Bammer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bammer, R. et al. Analysis and generalized correction of the effect of spatial gradient field distortions in diffusion-weighted imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 50, 560\u2013569 (2003).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"61029_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28890","volume":"86","author":"AS Barnett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barnett, A. S., Irfanoglu, M. O., Landman, B., Rogers, B. & Pierpaoli, C. Mapping gradient nonlinearity and miscalibration using diffusion-weighted mr images of a uniform isotropic phantom. Magn. Reson. Med. 86, 3259\u20133273 (2021).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"61029_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.010","volume":"53","author":"C Destrieux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Destrieux, C., Fischl, B., Dale, A. & Halgren, E. Automatic parcellation of human cortical gyri and sulci using standard anatomical nomenclature. Neuroimage 53, 1\u201315 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","volume":"14","author":"B Fischl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischl, B. et al. Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cereb. Cortex 14, 11\u201322 (2004).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"61029_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","volume":"9","author":"AM Dale","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dale, A. M., Fischl, B. & Sereno, M. I. Cortical surface-based analysis: I. segmentation and surface reconstruction. Neuroimage 9, 179\u2013194 (1999).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.027","volume":"88","author":"A Yendiki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yendiki, A., Koldewyn, K., Kakunoori, S., Kanwisher, N. & Fischl, B. Spurious group differences due to head motion in a diffusion mri study. Neuroimage 88, 79\u201390 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"61029_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1940080711","volume":"8","author":"DL Bihan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bihan, D. L. Molecular diffusion, tissue microdynamics and microstructure. NMR Biomed. 8, 375\u2013386 (1995).","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"61029_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/10629360600810434","volume":"76","author":"S Van Buuren","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Buuren, S., Brand, J. P., Groothuis-Oudshoorn, C. G. & Rubin, D. B. Fully conditional specification in multivariate imputation. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 76, 1049\u20131064 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Stat. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"61029_CR77","unstructured":"Enders, B. T. & Keller, C. K. Blimp user\u2019s manual (Version 3) (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Applied Missing Data, 2021), third edn."},{"key":"61029_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, D. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys (publisherWiley (New York, 1987).","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"61029_CR79","volume":"74","author":"L Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, L. et al. Missing data approaches for longitudinal neuroimaging research: Examples from the adolescent brain and cognitive development (abcd) study. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 74, 101563 (2025).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"61029_CR80","unstructured":"Grund, S., Robitzsch, A. & Luedtke, O. mitml: Tools for Multiple Imputation in Multilevel Modeling (2023). R package version 0.4-5."},{"key":"61029_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26579","volume":"45","author":"P Parekh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Parekh, P. et al. Fema: Fast and efficient mixed-effects algorithm for large sample whole-brain imaging data. Hum. Brain Mapp. 45, e26579 (2024).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"61029_CR82","unstructured":"Duvernoy, H.\u00a0M. et al.The human brain: Surface, three-dimensional sectional anatomy with MRI, and blood supply (Springer-Wien, New York, 1999)."},{"key":"61029_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodological) 289\u2013300 (1995).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"61029_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09964-7","volume":"26","author":"GB Rosa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rosa, G. B., Lukaski, H. C. & Sardinha, L. B. The science of bioelectrical impedance-derived phase angle: insights from body composition in youth. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 26, 603\u2013624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11154-025-09964-7 (2025).","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"61029_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12061","volume":"14","author":"H Talma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Talma, H. et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evidence appraisal of validity, responsiveness, reliability and measurement error. Obes. Rev. 14, 895\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12061 (2013).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"61029_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.085522","volume":"91","author":"J Wells","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wells, J. & Fewtrell, M. Measuring body composition. Arch. Dis. Child. 91, 612\u2013617 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"61029_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.09.011","volume":"81","author":"SE Kanoski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kanoski, S. E. & Grill, H. J. Hippocampus contributions to food intake control: mnemonic, neuroanatomical, and endocrine mechanisms. Biol. Psychiat. 81, 748\u2013756 (2017).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiat."},{"key":"61029_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8637","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0537-23.2023","volume":"43","author":"N Lehmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lehmann, N. et al. Changes in cortical microstructure of the human brain resulting from long-term motor learning. J. Neurosci. 43, 8637\u20138648 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"61029_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0754-1","volume":"19","author":"S Cortese","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cortese, S. & Tessari, L. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) and obesity: update 2016. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 19, 4 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"61029_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01098-z","volume":"46","author":"T Martins-Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martins-Silva, T. et al. Adhd in childhood predicts bmi and body composition measurements over time in a population-based birth cohort. Int. J. Obes. 46, 1204\u20131211 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"61029_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Hernandez, R. et al. Mapping microglia and astrocyte activation in vivo using diffusion mri. Sci. Adv. 8, eabq2923 (2022).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq2923"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61029-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61029-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61029-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:50:07Z","timestamp":1791964207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61029-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61029-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude in order to improve grammar and flow of content originally-drafted by the authors, or to help with R coding. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"32110"}}