{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T06:17:46Z","timestamp":1794377866735,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018778","name":"Al-Azhar University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018778","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Implant-associated infections remain a major challenge in bone regeneration, often compromising the long-term success of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials. A new sulfonated quinoxaline aldehyde, 2-ethoxy-4-formylphenyl 2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline-6-sulfonate (B6), was synthesized and covalently grafted onto chitosan via Schiff base condensation to yield derivatives with controlled degrees of substitution (d1\u2013d4). Which were subsequently incorporated into hydroxyapatite to form composite systems (dH0\u2013dH4). Structural characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed successful Schiff base formation, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated enhanced thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM\u2013EDX) and Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) analyses revealed homogeneous hydroxyapatite dispersion and a mesoporous architecture (44.8 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    g\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\u20091<\/jats:sup>\n                    , ~\u200920\u00a0nm pores) for the optimized composite. Among the investigated formulations, dH2 exhibited the most balanced physicochemical and biological performance. The dH2 composite exhibited pronounced antimicrobial activity, achieving biofilm inhibition of 89.65% against\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 86.65% against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with MIC values lower than those of reference antibiotics under the tested conditions. Cytotoxicity assessment using Vero and MG-63 cells demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, with &gt;\u200999% cell viability at \u2264\u2009125\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 344.99 and 156.62\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively. These findings indicate that the developed chitosan\u2013quinoxaline Schiff base hydroxyapatite composite represents a multifunctional, infection-resistant platform suitable for bone regeneration applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61289-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:34:25Z","timestamp":1784090065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Chitosan-quinoxaline Schiff base hydroxyapatite composite with antimicrobial properties for bone regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Barakat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gameel A. M.","family":"Ehagali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahira H.","family":"EL-Moslamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moustafa S.","family":"Abusaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Medhat E.","family":"Owda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousry A.","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed B.","family":"Ghazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"61289_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7746","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147746","volume":"25","author":"R Ashfaq","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashfaq, R., Kov\u00e1cs, A., Berk\u00f3, S. & Budai-Sz\u0171cs, M. Developments in alloplastic bone grafts and barrier membrane biomaterials for periodontal guided tissue and bone regeneration therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25, 7746 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"61289_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2022.04.140","volume":"48","author":"L Shanmuganantha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shanmuganantha, L. et al. Characterization of titanium ceramic composite for bone implants applications. Ceram. Int. 48, 22808\u201322819 (2022).","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"61289_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MH01298K","volume":"11","author":"P Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng, P. et al. Construction of antibacterial bone implants and their application in bone regeneration. Mater. Horizons. 11, 590\u2013625 (2024).","journal-title":"Mater. Horizons"},{"key":"61289_CR4","unstructured":"Parackal, S. T. et al. Hydroxyapatite composites in tissue engineering. In Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering (IntechOpen, 2024)."},{"key":"61289_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2023.107039","volume":"37","author":"MH Asdi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asdi, M. H. et al. Morphological, microstructural, mechanical, and electrochemical optimization of a novel Mg\u20132Ca\u20131Mn\u20131 Sr alloy by P ion implantation for orthopedic implants. Mater. Today Commun. 37, 107039 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"61289_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7695","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-022-06763-y","volume":"31","author":"MH Asdi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asdi, M. H. et al. Effect of phosphorous ion implantation on the surface, crystal structure, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of bioresorbable magnesium for biomedical applications. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 31, 7695\u20137704 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"61289_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsamd.2024.100806","volume":"9","author":"M Selim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Selim, M. et al. Enhancing 3D scaffold performance for bone tissue engineering: A comprehensive review of modification and functionalization strategies. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices. 9, 100806 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"61289_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00777","volume":"5","author":"MUA Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, M. U. A. et al. Multifunctional bioactive scaffolds from ARX-g-(Zn@ rGO)-HAp for bone tissue engineering: in vitro antibacterial, antitumor, and biocompatibility evaluations. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 5, 5445\u20135456 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"61289_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.201","volume":"207","author":"A Barakat","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barakat, A., Kamoun, E. A., El-Moslamy, S. H., Ghazy, M. B. & Fahmy, A. Photo-curable carboxymethylcellulose composite hydrogel as a promising biomaterial for biomedical applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 207, 1011\u20131021 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"61289_CR10","first-page":"114","volume":"11","author":"A Barakat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barakat, A. et al. Cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse and its graft with GMA: Synthesis, characterization, and biocompatibility assessment. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 11, 114\u2013125 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"61289_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad6b8a","volume":"19","author":"MUA Khan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khan, M. U. A. et al. Recent advances of bone tissue engineering: carbohydrate and ceramic materials, fundamental properties and advanced biofabrication strategies\u2013a comprehensive review. Biomed. Mater. 19, 52005 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"61289_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47304","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08446","volume":"8","author":"M Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali, M., Sholkamy, E. N., Alobaidi, A. S., Al-Muhanna, M. K. & Barakat, A. Synthesis of schiff bases based on chitosan and heterocyclic moiety: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity. ACS omega. 8, 47304\u201347312 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"key":"61289_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030619","volume":"26","author":"MU Aslam Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aslam Khan, M. U. et al. Recent advances in biopolymeric composite materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicines: a review. Molecules 26, 619 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"61289_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116675","volume":"276","author":"H Khatoon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khatoon, H. & Faudzi, S. M. M. Exploring quinoxaline derivatives: An overview of a new approach to combat antimicrobial resistance. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 276, 116675 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"61289_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barakat, A. et al. A novel chitosan-Schiff bases bearing a new quinoxaline moiety as an approach for potent antimicrobial agent: Synthesis, characterization and in vitro assessments. Carbohydr. Polym. 123205 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123205"},{"key":"61289_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2020.102924","volume":"14","author":"MUA Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, M. U. A. et al. Development of porous, antibacterial and biocompatible GO\/n-HAp\/bacterial cellulose\/\u03b2-glucan biocomposite scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Arab. J. Chem. 14, 102924 (2021).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"61289_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2020.104164","volume":"104","author":"YA Ammar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ammar, Y. A. et al. Design, synthesis, antimicrobial activity and molecular docking studies of some novel di-substituted sulfonylquinoxaline derivatives. Bioorg. Chem. 104, 104164 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"61289_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12427","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03176-8","volume":"14","author":"HM Dardeer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dardeer, H. M., Taha, A. G., Abouzeid, R. E. & Aly, M. F. Novel chitosan-acetyl isatin polymer derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, and applications in bone tissue engineering. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery. 14, 12427\u201312440 (2024).","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"61289_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguirre, J. The Kjeldahl method. In The Kjeldahl Method: 140 Years 53\u201378 (Springer, 2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-31458-2_4"},{"key":"61289_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124990","volume":"242","author":"KX Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, K. X. et al. Applications and perspectives of quaternized cellulose, chitin and chitosan: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 242, 124990 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"61289_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136449","volume":"281","author":"S Elouali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elouali, S., Ait Hamdan, Y., Belmajdoub, M. & Rhazi, M. Green chitosan extraction from Hermetia illucens breeding waste (prepupal cases): Characterization and bioadsorption activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 281, 136449 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"61289_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4236\/wjnse.2012.23020","volume":"2","author":"A Monshi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Monshi, A., Foroughi, M. R. & Monshi, M. R. Modified Scherrer equation to estimate more accurately nano-crystallite size using XRD. World J. Nano Sci. Eng. 2, 154\u2013160 (2012).","journal-title":"World J. nano Sci. Eng."},{"key":"61289_CR23","unstructured":"CLSI. CLSI M100-ED29: 2019 Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 29th Edition. (Clsi, 2019)."},{"key":"61289_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12010012","volume":"12","author":"Q Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, Q., Tang, X., Dong, W., Sun, N. & Yuan, W. A review of biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and its regulation mechanism. Antibiotics 12, 12 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"61289_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minich, A. et al. Complex analysis of vanillin and syringic acid as natural antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Int J. Mol. Sci. 23, (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031816"},{"key":"61289_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2023.106707","volume":"207","author":"S Bhuyan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhuyan, S. et al. Microliter spotting and micro-colony observation: A rapid and simple approach for counting bacterial colony forming units. J. Microbiol. Methods. 207, 106707 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"61289_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.929491","volume":"13","author":"EM Sharaf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharaf, E. M. et al. Synergistic antibacterial activity of compact silver\/magnetite core-shell nanoparticles core shell against Gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Front. Microbiol. 13, 1\u201312 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"61289_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2023.102512","volume":"4","author":"L Barnes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barnes, L., Heithoff, D. M., Mahan, S. P., House, J. K. & Mahan, M. J. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing to evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration values of clinically relevant antibiotics. STAR. Protoc. 4, 102512 (2023).","journal-title":"STAR. Protoc."},{"key":"61289_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5098","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA09419A","volume":"10","author":"EM El-Fakharany","year":"2020","unstructured":"El-Fakharany, E. M., Abu-Elreesh, G. M., Kamoun, E. A. & Zaki, S. Abd-EL-Haleem, D. A. In vitro assessment of the bioactivities of sericin protein extracted from a bacterial silk-like biopolymer. RSC Adv. 10, 5098\u20135107 (2020).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"61289_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamedov, V. & Quinoxalines, A. Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and structure. (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29773-6"},{"key":"61289_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128463","volume":"256","author":"AS Abdulhameed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdulhameed, A. S. et al. Organically modified montmorillonite composited with magnetic glyoxal-chitosan Schiff base for reactive blue 19 dye removal: Process optimization and adsorptive mechanism. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 256, 128463 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"61289_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122734","volume":"347","author":"J Sj\u00f6lund","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6lund, J., Westman, G., W\u00e5gberg, L. & Larsson, P. A. On the determination of charge and nitrogen content in cellulose fibres modified to contain quaternary amine functionality. Carbohydr. Polym. 347, 122734 (2025).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"61289_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2021.101369","volume":"25","author":"TM Tamer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamer, T. M. et al. Removal of oil spills by novel amphiphilic Chitosan-g-Octanal Schiff base polymer developed by click grafting technique. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 25, 101369 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"61289_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123498","volume":"232","author":"F Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, F. et al. A novel water-soluble chitosan grafted with nerol: Synthesis, characterization and biological activity. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 232, 123498 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"61289_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s42823-023-00482-7","volume":"33","author":"T Taguchi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taguchi, T., Gohda, S., Gotoh, K., Sato, S. & Yamada, Y. Synthesis of carbon materials with extremely high pyridinic-nitrogen content and controlled edges from aromatic compounds with highly symmetric skeletons. Carbon Lett. 33, 1279\u20131301 (2023).","journal-title":"Carbon Lett."},{"key":"61289_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51538-1","volume":"14","author":"TM Tamer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tamer, T. M. et al. Development of novel amino-ethyl chitosan hydrogel for the removal of methyl orange azo dye model. Sci. Rep. 14, 1284 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"61289_CR37","first-page":"100352","volume":"6","author":"V Pawariya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pawariya, V., De, S. & Dutta, J. Synthesis and characterization of a new developed modified-chitosan Schiff base with improved antibacterial properties for the removal of Bismarck Brown R and Eosin Y dyes from wastewater. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl. 6, 100352 (2023).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"61289_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, Y. et al. Recent advances in chitosan-based materials; The synthesis, modifications and biomedical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 121318 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121318"},{"key":"61289_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/min13010102","volume":"13","author":"NV Bulina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bulina, N. V., Avakyan, L. A., Makarova, S. V., Orehov, I. B. & Bystrov, V. S. Structural features of oxyapatite. Minerals 13, 102 (2023).","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"61289_CR40","unstructured":"Malyshenko, A. I. et al. Synthesis of Na+, CO\u20832\u2013-containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles and their thermal transformations. Funct. Mater. (2014)."},{"key":"61289_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131808","volume":"269","author":"YM Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, Y. M., Lu, Z. W., Wu, Y. C., Liao, Y. J. & Kuo, C. Y. An injectable, chitosan-based hydrogel prepared by Schiff base reaction for anti-bacterial and sustained release applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 269, 131808 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"61289_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73610-6","volume":"15","author":"AA Alamri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alamri, A. A. et al. Synthesis of Schiff bases based on Chitosan, thermal stability and evaluation of antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Sci. Rep. 15, 892 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"61289_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4870","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4870","volume":"57","author":"G Krajsovszky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krajsovszky, G., Dalmadin\u00e9 Kiss, B., Lud\u00e1nyi, K., M\u00e1ndity, I. M. & Bogd\u00e1n, D. Electrospray ionization\u2013tandem mass spectrometric study of fused nitrogen-containing ring systems. J. Mass. Spectrom. 57, e4870 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"61289_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22216","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.22216","volume":"85","author":"A Ragab","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ragab, A. et al. Explore new quinoxaline pharmacophore tethered sulfonamide fragments as in vitro \u03b1-glucosidase, \u03b1\u2010amylase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with ADMET and molecular modeling simulation. Drug Dev. Res. 85, e22216 (2024).","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"61289_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7elik\u00e7i, N., Z\u0131ba, C. A. & T\u00fcmer, M. Chitosan-based schiff base compounds: synthesis, chemical characterization and antibacterial properties. J. Fluoresc. 1\u201311 (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10895-025-04233-x"},{"key":"61289_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-022-02730-9","volume":"31","author":"NI Normi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Normi, N. I. et al. Hydrothermal-assisted grafting of Schiff base chitosan by salicylaldehyde for adsorptive removal of acidic dye: statistical modeling and adsorption mechanism. J. Polym. Environ. 31, 1925\u20131937 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"61289_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2200121","DOI":"10.1002\/star.202200121","volume":"75","author":"J Ouyang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouyang, J. et al. Antibacterial activity of carboxymethyl chitosan dialdehyde starch Schiff base and its metal complex. Starch-St\u00e4rke 75, 2200121 (2023).","journal-title":"Starch-St\u00e4rke"},{"key":"61289_CR48","first-page":"257693","volume":"23","author":"P Suandork","year":"2024","unstructured":"Suandork, P. & Hongsuwong, M. Synthesis of biocompatible hydroxyapatite from quail eggshell, oyster shell, and periwinkle snail shell. J. Appl. Res. Sci. Technol. 23, 257693 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"61289_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulhameed, A. S., Abdullah, S., Altamimi, A. A., Abualhaija, M. & Algburi, S. Synthesis of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde-functionalized chitosan Schiff base\/hydroxyapatite composite for basic red 2 dye removal: characterization and adsorption optimization using Box\u2013Behnken design. Macromol. Res. 1\u201318 (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-025-00417-3"},{"key":"61289_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22398","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c24555","volume":"14","author":"M Afshari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Afshari, M., Dinari, M., Farrokhpour, H. & Zamora, F. Imine-linked covalent organic framework with a naphthalene moiety as a sensitive phosphate ion sensing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 14, 22398\u201322406 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"61289_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30485","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c01698","volume":"16","author":"D Srivastava","year":"2024","unstructured":"Srivastava, D. et al. Large area film of highly crystalline, cleavable, and transferable semi-conducting 2D-Imine covalent organic framework on dielectric glass substrate. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 16, 30485\u201330495 (2024).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"61289_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2021.151310","volume":"571","author":"EO L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez, E. O. et al. Hydroxyapatite and lead-substituted hydroxyapatite near-surface structures: Novel modelling of photoemission lines from X-ray photoelectron spectra. Appl. Surf. Sci. 571, 151310 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"61289_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2023.158577","volume":"647","author":"B Foley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Foley, B. et al. Unveiling the composition of hydroxyapatite minerals and their (bio)-organic adlayer using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Appl. Surf. Sci. 647, 158577 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"61289_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103511","volume":"15","author":"TH Abdalla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdalla, T. H., Nasr, A. S., Bassioni, G., Harding, D. R. & Kandile, N. G. Fabrication of sustainable hydrogels-based chitosan Schiff base and their potential applications. Arab. J. Chem. 15, 103511 (2022).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"61289_CR55","first-page":"549","volume":"10","author":"TA Saleh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saleh, T. A., Al-Tikrity, E. T. B., Yousif, E., Al-Mashhadani, M. H. & Jawad, A. H. Preparation of Schiff bases derived from chitosan and investigate their photostability and thermal stability. Phys. Chem. Res. 10, 549\u2013557 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Res."},{"key":"61289_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131635","volume":"267","author":"AMY Moustafa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moustafa, A. M. Y. et al. Synthesis of new quaternized chitosan Schiff bases and their N-alkyl derivatives as antimicrobial and anti-biofilm retardants in membrane technology. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 267, 131635 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"61289_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12101459","volume":"12","author":"A Thakur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thakur, A. et al. Recent advancements in surface modification, characterization and functionalization for enhancing the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of biomedical implants. Coatings 12, 1459 (2022).","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"61289_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA08123D","volume":"15","author":"A Ozgen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ozgen, A., Kilic, B., Ghaffarlou, M., Karaaslan, C. & Aydin, H. M. Injectable carboxymethyl chitosan\/oxidized dextran hydrogels containing zoledronic acid modified strontium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. RSC Adv. 15, 4014\u20134028 (2025).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"61289_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L. et al. O-carboxymethyl chitosan in biomedicine: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 133465. (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133465"},{"key":"61289_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjs.2024.100252","volume":"51","author":"N Jamarun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jamarun, N. et al. Effect of chitosan concentration on hydroxyapatite\/chitosan composite synthesis using the in-situ method as a dye adsorbent. Kuwait J. Sci. 51, 100252 (2024).","journal-title":"Kuwait J. Sci."},{"key":"61289_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16020167","volume":"16","author":"MY Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, M. Y., Huang, S. W., Kao, I. F. & Yen, S. K. The preparation and characterization of chitosan\/calcium phosphate composite microspheres for biomedical applications. Polym. (Basel). 16, 167 (2024).","journal-title":"Polym. (Basel)"},{"key":"61289_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8110696","volume":"8","author":"FA Azaman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Azaman, F. A., Zhou, K., Blanes-Mart\u00ednez, M. M., Fournet, B., Devine, D. M. & M. & Bioresorbable chitosan-based bone regeneration scaffold using various bioceramics and the alteration of photoinitiator concentration in an extended UV photocrosslinking reaction. Gels 8, 696 (2022).","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"61289_CR63","first-page":"79","volume":"65","author":"KR Mohamed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohamed, K. R., Mousa, S. M., El-Hady, A., Tolba, B., El-Bassyouni, G. T. & E. & Fabrication of hydroxyapatite\u2013aluminum silicate\/chitosan-gelatin biocomposites with In-Vitro application by preosteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1). Egypt. J. Chem. 65, 79\u201395 (2022).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chem."},{"key":"61289_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed, N., Abdel, M., Abusalah, H. A. & Abuarqoub, A. H. Nanomedicine in the fight against multidrug-resistant infections: a review on emerging strategies and translational prospects. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S547259 (2025).","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S547259"},{"key":"61289_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtice.2022.104627","volume":"142","author":"AA Ismail","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ismail, A. A. et al. Self-cleaning application of mesoporous ZnO, TiO2 and Fe2O3 films with the accommodation of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial activity. J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. Eng. 142, 104627 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Taiwan. Inst. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"61289_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EL-Moslamy, S. H., El-Maradny, Y. A., El-Sayed, M. H., El-Sakhawy, M. A. & El-Fakharany, E. M. Facile phyto-mediated synthesis of ternary CuO\/Mn3O4\/ZnO nanocomposite using Nigella Sativa seeds extract: characterization,antimicrobial, and biomedical evaluations. Sci. Rep. 15, (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-85044-1"},{"key":"61289_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28749-z","volume":"13","author":"SH EL-Moslamy","year":"2023","unstructured":"EL-Moslamy, S. H., Yahia, I. S., Zahran, H. Y. & Kamoun, E. A. Novel biosynthesis of MnO NPs using Mycoendophyte: industrial bioprocessing strategies and scaling-up production with its evaluation as anti-phytopathogenic agents. Sci. Rep. 13, 1\u201321 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"61289_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duraisamy, R. et al. Assessment of antimicrobial activity of nanocomposites based on nano-hydroxyapatite (HAP), chitosan, and vitamin K2. Cureus 16, (2024).","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53339"},{"key":"61289_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karmakar, P. C. et al. Silver nanoparticle-incorporated hydroxyapatite-chitosan-PVP-based scaffold for bone tissue engineering: physicochemical characterization, antibacterial activity, and in vitro ceftriaxone release study. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2023 (2023).","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9234962"},{"key":"61289_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Said, A. H. et al. In situ precipitated hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite loaded with ciprofloxacin: Formulation, mechanical, in vitro antibiotic uptake, release, and antibacterial properties. Mater Chem. Phys. 294, (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.127008"},{"key":"61289_CR71","first-page":"100334","volume":"21","author":"F Scalera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scalera, F. et al. Chitosan-hydroxyapatite composites made from sustainable sources: A morphology and antibacterial study. Mater. Today Sustain. 21, 100334 (2023).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Sustain."},{"key":"61289_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5135","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA08457H","volume":"15","author":"MR Habiburrohman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Habiburrohman, M. R., Jamilludin, M. A., Cahyati, N., Herdianto, N. & Yusuf, Y. Fabrication and in vitro cytocompatibility evaluation of porous bone scaffold based on cuttlefish bone-derived nano-carbonated hydroxyapatite reinforced with polyethylene oxide\/chitosan fibrous structure. RSC Adv. 15, 5135\u20135150 (2025).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61289-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61289-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61289-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1784095293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61289-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61289-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"22252"}}