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However, this logically centralized control plane introduces scalability issues and security vulnerabilities. In multi-domain SDN architectures malicious entities can compromise controllers to inject false flow rules, disrupting network integrity. Existing solutions often rely on static cryptographic authorizations, failing to monitor the real-time operational integrity of controllers. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an enhanced blockchain-based control layer security framework in multi-domain SDN (EBCS-SDN). The framework introduced a dynamic trust scoring model, an optimized dual-phase controller authentication mechanism and a decentralized behavioral-deviation hijack detection system to ensure continuous controller accountability. The empirical evaluations in a simulated multi-domain SDN environment demonstrated significant performance and security improvements over existing baselines models Voting-based, Proof-of-work (PoW)-based, DLCA_R_P, and BCS. Simulations in an emulated environment show that the proposed framework optimally reduces controller authentication latency by up to 75% and achieves a hijack detection accuracy of 96.78%. Under these simulated proof-of-concept conditions, the system demonstrated a post-attack throughput of 980 Mbps with detection and isolation times under 1.2\u00a0s. The proposed framework optimized the CPU utilization at full network nodes. Ultimately, the proposed system provides a scalable, computationally lightweight, and operationally resilient security foundation for SDN deployments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61341-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:33:09Z","timestamp":1783585989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EBCS-SDN: an enhanced blockchain-based framework for control plane security in multi-domain SDN"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0920-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safdar","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talha Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurashikin","family":"Saaludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"61341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tankovic, A., Dervisevic, E., Mehic, M. & Kaljic, E. 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