{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:40:39Z","timestamp":1792536039280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":93,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61379-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:17:17Z","timestamp":1784557037000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from communities in South Western Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7099-4583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid Mohamud","family":"Sidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4689-7178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Asiimwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Bazira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbra","family":"Tuhamize","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"61379_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/mid.2023.222631.1563","author":"S Rashwan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rashwan, S., Galal, S. M., Abd EL-kareem, D. M. & Ghandour, A. M. A. Abd El-Hamid, R. F. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes among Gram negative bacilli isolates from Egyptian children with diarrhea. Microbes Infect. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/mid.2023.222631.1563 (2023).","journal-title":"Microbes Infect. Dis."},{"key":"61379_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-020-00511-5","volume":"25","author":"Q Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, Q. et al. High-speed quenching probe-polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection of carbapenemase-producing gene using GENECUBE: A fully automatic gene analyzer. Mol. Diagn. Ther. 25, 231\u2013238 (2021).","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"61379_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161685","volume":"11","author":"K Desta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desta, K. et al. High gastrointestinal colonization rate with extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospitalized patients: Emergence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae in Ethiopia. PLoS One 11, e0161685 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"61379_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040503","volume":"11","author":"AE Ghenea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghenea, A. E. et al. TEM,CTX-M,SHV Genes in ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Samples in a County Clinical Emergency Hospital Romania-Predominance of CTX-M-15. Antibiotics 11, 503 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"61379_CR5","volume":"4","author":"V Storberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Storberg, V. ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Africa \u2013 A non-systematic literature review of research published 2008\u20132012. Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol. 4, 20342 (2014).","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"61379_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17581.1","volume":"7","author":"D Cocker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cocker, D. et al. Drivers of resistance in Uganda and Malawi (DRUM): A protocol for the evaluation of One-Health drivers of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) resistance in Low-Middle Income Countries (LMICs). Wellcome Open Res. 7, 55. (2022).","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"61379_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143729","volume":"11","author":"A Ndir","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ndir, A. et al. Epidemiology and burden of bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in a pediatric hospital in Senegal. PLoS One 11, e0143729 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"61379_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001344","volume":"3","author":"J Muleme","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muleme, J. et al. Epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli at the human-animal-environment interface in a farming community of central Uganda. PLoS Glob. Public Health 3, e0001344 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"61379_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-015-0013-1","volume":"16","author":"JN Kateregga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kateregga, J. N., Kantume, R., Atuhaire, C., Lubowa, M. N. & Ndukui, J. G. Phenotypic expression and prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in samples collected from patients in various wards of Mulago Hospital, Uganda. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol. 16, 14 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"61379_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taw101","volume":"24","author":"PL Woerther","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woerther, P. L., Andremont, A. & Kantele, A. Travel-acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: impact of colonization at individual and community level. J. Travel Med. 24, S29\u2013S34 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"61379_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asiimwe, B. B. et al. Protocol for an interdisciplinary cross-sectional study investigating the social, biological and community-level drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): Holistic Approach to Unravel Antibacterial Resistance in East Africa (HATUA). (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041418 doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041418.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-041418"},{"key":"61379_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.04.005","volume":"61","author":"Y Chong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chong, Y., Shimoda, S. & Shimono, N. Current epidemiology, genetic evolution and clinical impact of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Genet. Evol. 61, 185\u2013188 (2018).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"61379_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113602","volume":"230","author":"D Trajano Gomes da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trajano Gomes da Silva, D. et al. A longitudinal study of the association between domestic contact with livestock and contamination of household point-of-use stored drinking water in rural Siaya County (Kenya). Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 230, 113602 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"61379_CR14","unstructured":"Clinical &. Laboratory Standards Institute | CLSI. https:\/\/clsi.org\/"},{"key":"61379_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286955","volume":"18","author":"R Mayanja","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayanja, R. et al. Source-tracking ESBL-producing bacteria at the maternity ward of Mulago hospital, Uganda. PLoS One 18, e0286955 (2023).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"61379_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2528","volume":"16","author":"TA Ball","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ball, T. A. et al. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from dairy cattle farms in the Wakiso District, Uganda: A cross-sectional study. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 16, 54\u201359 (2019).","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"61379_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3183076","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3183076","volume":"2017","author":"B Andrew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrew, B., Kagirita, A. & Bazira, J. Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases-Producing Microorganisms in Patients Admitted at KRRH, Southwestern Uganda. Int. J. Microbiol. 2017, 3183076 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"61379_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166519","volume":"11","author":"B Abera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abera, B., Kibret, M. & Mulu, W. Extended-spectrum beta (\u03b2)-lactamases and antibiogram in Enterobacteriaceae from clinical and drinking water sources from Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. PLoS One 11, e0166519 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"61379_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.04.010","volume":"22","author":"N Tanko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanko, N., Bolaji, R. O., Olayinka, A. T. & Olayinka, B. O. A systematic review on the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in Nigeria. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 22, 488\u2013496 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"61379_CR20","volume":"16","author":"B Tuhamize","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuhamize, B., Tusubira, D., Masembe, C., Bessong, P. & Bazira, J. An investigation into carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae among outpatients with urinary tract infection in Southwestern Uganda. Cureus 16, e72387 (2024).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"61379_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1005-x","volume":"15","author":"MA Raji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raji, M. A., Jamal, W., Ojemeh, O. & Rotimi, V. O. Sequence analysis of genes mediating extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in a Lagos Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. BMC Infect. Dis. 15, 259 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"61379_CR22","first-page":"129","volume":"32","author":"A Kaftandzieva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaftandzieva, A., Trajkovska-Dokic, E. & Panovski, N. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Prilozi 32, 129\u2013141 (2011).","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"key":"61379_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.05.020","volume":"74","author":"Y Doi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doi, Y., Adams-Haduch, J. M., Peleg, A. Y. & D\u2019Agata, E. M. The role of horizontal gene transfer in the dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in an endemic setting. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 74, 34\u201338 (2012).","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"61379_CR24","first-page":"197","volume":"9","author":"J Turugurwa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turugurwa, J. et al. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Molecular Characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Clinical Isolates at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Adv. Infect. Dis. 9, 197\u2013225 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"61379_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01009-09","volume":"54","author":"K Bush","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bush, K. & Jacoby, G. A. Updated Functional Classification of \u03b2-Lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54, 969\u2013976 (2010).","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"61379_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001","volume":"14","author":"PA Bradford","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bradford, P. A. Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases in the 21st Century: Characterization, Epidemiology, and Detection of This Important Resistance Threat. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14, 933\u2013951 (2001).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"61379_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00110","author":"R Canton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Canton, R., Gonzalez-Alba, J. M. & Gal\u00e1n, J. C. CTX-M enzymes: Origin and diffusion. Front. Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00110 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"61379_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-13","volume":"26","author":"PL Woerther","year":"2013","unstructured":"Woerther, P. L., Burdet, C., Chachaty, E. & Andremont, A. Trends in Human Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases in the Community: Toward the Globalization of CTX-M. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 26, 744\u2013758 (2013).","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"61379_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf352","volume":"80","author":"M Eladawy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Eladawy, M., Heslop, N., Negus, D., Thomas, J. C. & Hoyles, L. Phenotype\u2013genotype discordance in antimicrobial resistance profiles of Gram-negative uropathogens recovered from catheter-associated urinary tract infections in Egypt. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 80, 3123\u20133132 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"61379_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110655","volume":"17","author":"P Nordmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nordmann, P., Naas, T. & Poirel, L. Global spread of Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 1791\u20131798 (2011).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"61379_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peirano, G. and J.D. Pitout, Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M beta-lactamases: the worldwide emergence of clone ST131 O25:H4. Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2010. 35(4): p.316-21.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.11.003"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61379-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61379-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61379-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:28:56Z","timestamp":1792535336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-61379-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61379"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-61379-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"33053"}}