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Interleukin 27 (IL-27) improves obesity, insulin resistance and white adipose tissue browning; however, its role in SG-mediated metabolic improvement is unconfirmed. This study aimed to explore the role of IL-27 in metabolic disorders improved by SG in obese T2DM rats. Obese T2DM rats were established and randomly divided into an SG group and a sham operation (control) group. Body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose levels and insulin resistance indicators were dynamically monitored. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT\u2012PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to measure the levels of IL-27 and adiponectin in rat plasma, as well as the expression levels of related molecules in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT); 3T3-L1 adipocyte experiments were performed to clarify the regulatory relationship between IL-27 and adiponectin. Compared with the control group, SG significantly reduced body weight, food intake, fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance in obese T2DM rats (all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); it also significantly increased the IL-27 levels in plasma, eWAT, and iWAT, and upregulated the expression of the IL-27 receptor (IL-27R\u03b1) in eWAT, and the expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b1 (PPAR-\u03b1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 coactivator 1\u03b1 (PGC-1\u03b1), and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) in eWAT, as well as UCP-1 in iWAT (all\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In vivo experiments revealed a significant positive correlation between IL-27 and adiponectin levels (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); in vitro experiments confirmed that IL-27 directly promoted adiponectin expression, whereas adiponectin did not significantly affect IL-27 expression (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). SG is associated with elevated IL-27 levels and activation of the eWAT p38 MAPK-PGC-1\u03b1 pathway in obese T2DM rats, accompanied by improved metabolic parameters, suggesting that IL-27 may play a role in SG-induced metabolic improvement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-61394-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:25:47Z","timestamp":1783351547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Involvement of the IL-27\/p38 MAPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway in sleeve gastrectomy-induced metabolic improvement"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuohui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zitian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"61394_CR1","unstructured":"World obesity federation. 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